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提问人：网友czcj808 发布时间：2022-01-07
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10.How the Month of July Got Its Name？ The month o...

10.How the Month of July Got Its Name？ The month of July, unlike June, is named for a mortal, albeit one who devised and ruled an empire. Julius Caesar was a Roman general, statesman, and historian who conquered Gaul (what is now part of Italy, France, Belgium, and the Netherlands), changed the structure of the Roman government into a dictatorship, was assassinated in legendary fashion, and most importantly for our purposes, helped make the calendar what it is today. Caesar is responsible for the year as we know it having 365 days, and for the existence of a leap year every four years. How did this Julian Calendar change things？ The early Roman calendar had an intercalary month called Intercalans that was 27 or 28 days long, added once every two years after February 23rd. For years including Intercalans, the remaining five days of February were omitted. Our contemporary calendar is still pretty much the same system Caesar instituted more than 2000 years ago. July was originally Quintilis, the fifth month of the year in the Roman calendar and consisted of 31 days. It was changed around 450 BCE when January became the first month of the year. Its name was changed during the Julian calendar reform in 45 BCE to honor Julius Caesar. In modern times, July also has 31 days. It is the warmest month of the year in the Northern Hemisphere and coldest month in the Southern hemisphere. The month of July starts on the same day of the week as April during common years and as January during leap years. July does not end on the same day of the week as any year in a common year but ends on the same day of the week as January in a leap year. July was named in honor of Julius Caesar. When Julius Caesar died, Quintilis, which was his birth month, was renamed with July. Quintilis means “fifth month” in Latin, which represents where this month originally fell in the Roman calendar. Another of Julius Caesar’s legacies is the C section. The Cesarean section is“an operation by which a fetus is taken from the uterus by cutting through the walls of the abdomen and uterus.” It has been rumored that Julius Caesar himself was born in this way, although historians tend to pooh-pooh this etymology. 20.July ends on the same day of the week as January in the following years except____

A、2008

B、2020

C、2024

D、2021

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The main energy transfer scheme in an OLED with dopant emitter is cascade type.
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第2题

7. Biodiversity of Australia Although most of Australia is semi-arid or desert, the continent includes a diverse range of habitats from alpine heaths to tropical rainforests. Fungi typify that diversity[clarification needed]; an estimated 250,000 species—of which only 5% have been described—occur in Australia. Because of the continent's great age, extremely variable weather patterns, and long-term geographic isolation, much of Australia's biota is unique. About 85% of flowering plants, 84% of mammals, more than 45% of birds, and 89% of in-shore, temperate-zone fish are endemic. Australia has the greatest number of reptiles of any country, with 755 species. Besides Antarctica, Australia is the only continent that developed without feline species. Feral cats may have been introduced in the 17th century by Dutch shipwrecks, and later in the 18th century by European settlers. They are now considered a major factor in the decline and extinction of many vulnerable and endangered native species. Australian forests are mostly made up of evergreen species, particularly eucalyptus trees in the less arid regions; wattles replace them as the dominant species in drier regions and deserts. Among well-known Australian animals are the monotremes (the platypus and echidna); a host of marsupials, including the kangaroo, koala, and wombat, and birds such as the emu and the kookaburra. Australia is home to many dangerous animals including some of the most venomous snakes in the world. The dingo was introduced by Austronesian people who traded with Indigenous Australians around 3000 BCE. Many animal and plant species became extinct soon after first human settlement, including the Australian megafauna; others have disappeared since European settlement, among them the thylacine. Many of Australia's ecoregions, and the species within those regions, are threatened by human activities and introduced animal, chromistan, fungal and plant species.All these factors have led to Australia's having the highest mammal extinction rate of any country in the world. The federal Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 is the legal framework for the protection of threatened species. Numerous protected areas have been created under the National Strategy for the Conservation of Australia's Biological Diversity to protect and preserve unique ecosystems; 65 wetlands are listed under the Ramsar Convention, and 16 natural World Heritage Sites have been established. Australia was ranked 21st out of 178 countries in the world on the 2018 Environmental Performance Index. There are more than 1,800 animals and plants on Australia's threatened species list, including more than 500 animals. 13. Australia boasts a unique biodiversity due to many factors except____.

A、Australia’s long history

B、comfortable habitat

C、highly changeable climate

D、lasting geographic isolation

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第3题

6. The Voyage of the First Fleet The First Fleet left Portsmouth, England on 13 May 1787. The journey began with fine weather, and thus the convicts were allowed on deck. The Fleet was accompanied by the armed frigate Hyena until it left English waters. On 20 May 1787, one convict on the Scarborough reported a planned mutiny; those allegedly involved were flogged and two were transferred to Prince of Wales. In general, however, most accounts of the voyage agree that the convicts were well behaved. On 3 June 1787, the fleet anchored at Santa Cruz at Tenerife. Here, fresh water, vegetables and meat were brought on board. Phillip and the chief officers were entertained by the local governor, while one convict tried unsuccessfully to escape. On 10 June they set sail to cross the Atlantic to Rio de Janeiro, taking advantage of favourable trade winds and ocean currents. The weather became increasingly hot and humid as the Fleet sailed through the tropics. Vermin, such as rats, and parasites such as bedbugs, lice, cockroaches and fleas, tormented the convicts, officers and marines. Bilges became foul and the smell, especially below the closed hatches, was over-powering. While Phillip gave orders that the bilge-water was to be pumped out daily and the bilges cleaned, these orders were not followed on the Alexander and a number of convicts fell sick and died. Tropical rainstorms meant that the convicts could not exercise on deck as they had no change of clothes and no method of drying wet clothing.Consequently, they were kept below in the foul, cramped holds. On the female transports, promiscuity between the convicts, the crew and marines was rampant, despite punishments for some of the men involved. In the doldrums, Phillip was forced to ration the water to three pints a day. The Fleet reached Rio de Janeiro on 5 August and stayed for a month. The ships were cleaned and water taken on board, repairs were made, and Phillip ordered large quantities of food. The women convicts' clothing had become infested with lice and was burnt. As additional clothing for the female convicts had not arrived before the Fleet left England, the women were issued with new clothes made from rice sacks. While the convicts remained below deck, the officers explored the city and were entertained by its inhabitants. A convict and a marine were punished for passing forged quarter-dollars made from old buckles and pewter spoons. An English Fleet in Table Bay in 1787 by Robert Dodd. The Fleet left Rio de Janeiro on 4 September to run before the westerlies to the Table Bay in southern Africa, which it reached on 13 October. This was the last port of call, so the main task was to stock up on plants, seeds and livestock for their arrival in Australia. The livestock taken on board from Cape Town destined for the new colony included two bulls, seven cows, one stallion, three mares, 44 sheep, 32 pigs, four goats and "a very large quantity of poultry of every kind". Women convicts on the Friendship were moved to other transports to make room for livestock purchased there. The convicts were provided with fresh beef and mutton, bread and vegetables, to build up their strength for the journey and maintain their health. The Dutch colony of Cape Town was the last outpost of European settlement which the fleet members would see for years, perhaps for the rest of their lives. "Before them stretched the awesome, lonely void of the Indian and Southern Oceans, and beyond that lay nothing they could imagine." This was one of the world's greatest sea voyages – eleven vessels carrying about 1,487 people and stores had travelled for 252 days for more than 15,000 miles (24,000 km) without losing a ship. Forty-eight people died on the journey, a death rate of just over three per cent. 11. Which of the following place is NOT included in the journey of The First Fleet?

A、Portsmouth

B、Santa Cruz

C、Southampton

D、Rio de Janeiro

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第4题

8. Australian Gold Rushes The first gold rush in Australia began in May 1851 after prospector Edward Hargraves claimed to have discovered payable gold near Orange, at a site he called Ophir. Hargraves had been to the Californian goldfields and had learned new gold prospecting techniques such as panning and cradling. Hargraves was offered rewards by the Colony of New South Wales and the Colony of Victoria. Before the end of the year, the gold rush had spread to many other parts of the state where gold had been found, not just to the west, but also to the south and north of Sydney. The Australian gold rushes changed the convict colonies into more progressive cities with the influx of free immigrants. These hopefuls, termed diggers, brought new skills and professions, contributing to a burgeoning economy. The mateship that evolved between these diggers and their collective resistance to authority led to the emergence of a unique national identity. Although not all diggers found riches on the goldfields, many decided to stay and integrate into these communities. In July 1851, Victoria's first gold rush began on the Clunes goldfield. In August, the gold rush had spread to include the goldfield at Buninyong (today a suburb of Ballarat) 45 km (28 m) away and, by early September 1851, to the nearby goldfield at Ballarat (then also known as Yuille's Diggings), followed in early September to the goldfield at Castlemaine (then known as Forest Creek and the Mount Alexander Goldfield) and the goldfield at Bendigo (then known as Bendigo Creek) in November 1851. Gold, just as in New South Wales, was also found in many other parts of the state. The Victorian Gold Discovery Committee wrote in 1854: The discovery of the Victorian Goldfields has converted a remote dependency into a country of world wide fame; it has attracted a population, extraordinary in number, with unprecedented rapidity; it has enhanced the value of property to an enormous extent; it has made this the richest country in the world; and, in less than three years, it has done for this colony the work of an age, and made its impulses felt in the most distant regions of the earth. When the rush began at Ballarat, diggers discovered it was a prosperous goldfield. Lieutenant-Governor, Charles La Trobe visited the site and watched five men uncover 136 ounces of gold in one day. Mount Alexander was even richer than Ballarat. With gold sitting just under the surface, the shallowness allowed diggers to easily unearth gold nuggets. In 7 months, 2.4 million pounds of gold was transported from Mount Alexander to nearby capital cities. The gold rushes caused a huge influx of people from overseas. Australia's total population more than tripled from 430,000 in 1851 to 1.7 million in 1871. Australia first became a multicultural society during the gold rush period. Between 1852 and 1860, 290,000 people migrated to Victoria from the British Isles, 15,000 came from other European countries, and 18,000 emigrated from the United States. Non-European immigrants, however, were unwelcome, especially the Chinese. In 1855, 11,493 Chinese arrived in Melbourne. Chinese travelling outside of New South Wales had to obtain special re-entry certificates. In 1855, Victoria enacted the Chinese Immigration Act 1855, severely limiting the number of Chinese passengers permitted on an arriving vessel. To evade the new law, many Chinese were landed in the south-east of South Australia and travelled more than 400 km across country to the Victorian goldfields, along tracks which are still evident today. In 1885, following a call by the Western Australian government for a reward for the first find of payable gold, a discovery was made at Halls Creek, sparking a gold rush in that state. 16. During the gold rushes immigrants flowing to Australia did NOT come from___.

A、Americans

B、Paris

C、Danmark

D、Africa

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第5题

9. Australian Agricultural and Rural Life For many years, wool was the most important product to the Australian economy. The wool industry dates from 1797, when John Macarthur and Reverend Samuel Marsden imported Spanish merino sheep to attempt to start a wool industry. Up until then, the only sheep in the colony were the fat-tailed sheep which the First Fleet brought with it from the Cape of Good Hope. These were used primarily for meat, rather than wool. It took almost a quarter of a century for Macarthur’s breeding program to produce enough wool to auction. In 1821, the first Australian wool was sold at Garraway’s Coffee House in London. Before 1840, Australia was producing more than two million kilos of wool each year. The success of the wool industry made many squatters and pastoralists immensely wealthy and by the 1880s the wool business was booming. Sheep breeders gathered in numbers in large metropolitan centres to buy and sell stock and wool each year. In 1894, the Australian Pastoralists' Review called the Sydney sheep sales of July 2 - July 6 a 'Carnival' and produced a small booklet for the sheep breeders which included essays on cross breeding, the New Zealand sheep experience and more. Interestingly, the sheep industry had become so important by this time, that the advertisements contained within the booklet give an idea of whole side industries which had sprung up alongside the merino industry, including wool consigners, book keepers and cargo shipping. In the late 1890s, lower wool prices and the infamous Federation drought devastated the industry. Sheep numbers dropped by half and industrial action by shearers seeking better wages and conditions also took its toll. The unions formed by the shearers became the Australian Workers Union in 1894 and eventually helped give rise to the Australian Labor Party. The industry recovered from these setbacks and the first half of the twentieth century saw the formalisation of education for those wishing to enter the wool industry, and colleges such as the Sydney Wool Institute were set up to provide a grounding in all areas of the business. Two world wars and a depression affected both wool prices, demand and labour negatively, but the industry boomed again in the 1950s. By now, however, other agricultural industries – particularly wheat and cattle – had overtaken wool in terms of economic importance. Australian sheep producers now tend to focus on the production of meat – the demand for prime lamb has increased over the past half century – but Australian merino wool is still considered to be a high quality, luxury item, much in demand by the fashion and textile industry. In 2011-2012, the Australian wool industry is expected to produce 355 million kilograms of wool worth almost two billion dollars. 18. Two world wars and a depression affected all but___?

A、wool price

B、wool demand

C、wool labor force

D、wool quality

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第6题

10. Five must-visit festivals in Australia Australians love a party, so it’s no surprise that festivals light up every corner of the country throughout the year. Whether you want to welcome the winter solstice by burning an effigy or witness a totally water-less regatta, here are all the weird and wonderful Australian festivals you need to add to your bucket list. Vivid Sydney Billed as the world’s largest festival of light, music and ideas, Vivid also lays claim to being Australia’s largest annual event, bringing more than two million visitors to Sydney’s streets over three sparkling weeks each winter. The planet’s most talented light artists transform the Harbour City’s most iconic landmarks into their collective canvas, illuminating buildings like the Opera House and the Harbour Bridge with dazzling projections. There’s also a diverse programme of live music plus talks from global thinkers and creators. Melbourne International Comedy Festival There are three big comedy festivals in the world: one in Edinburgh, one in Montreal, and one right here in Australia. The planet’s premier comics descend on Melbourne for four weeks each March and April for a side-splitting celebration of everything humorous, pulling 770,000 attendees to thousands of performances at venues across the city. Adelaide Fringe Festival Edinburgh is the only city on earth that throws a bigger fringe festival than Adelaide. The South Australian capital transforms into an orgy of the arts for one month each February and March. First held in 1960, Fringe describes itself as “mythical, magical, fantabulous, fantasmagorical, supercalifragilisticexpialidocious”. Every spare corner of the city is converted into a venue for song, dance, comedy, magic, cabaret, theatre, or whatever one of the 5000 artists can dream up. Splendour in the Grass, Byron Bay This Byron Bay institution is Australia’s biggest and best music festival, and a must-do if you can snag a ticket — all 30,000 passes routinely sell out within minutes of going on sale. Held over three days in late July in the cruisy North Byron Parklands, Splendour has been attracting lengthy lineups studded with stars since 2001, as well as a chilled-out, friendly crowd who lap up the Byron vibes. Henley-on-Todd Regatta, Alice Springs Alice Springs’ Todd River is a bone-dry riverbed — but that doesn’t stop the locals from throwing a regatta each August, carrying boats by hand for the thousands of spectators that flock to the Red Centre for the festivities. That’s not the Northern Territory’s only madcap event: each July, Alice also hosts a camel-racing carnival, while Darwin throws the Beer Can Regatta, featuring boats made of recycled tinnies. 20. All of the following places are home to big comedy festivals in the world except___

A、Edinburgh

B、London

C、Australia

D、Montreal

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