Rapid regulation of enzyme activity doesn’t need energy.

n areas.【66】Fifteen or 20 years ago in China's northern cities, such as Shenyang, air pollution was characterized by decreased visibility caused by high levels of particulates and sulfur dioxide (SO2). Although conditions have improved in modern cities, such as Beijing and Shanghai, China still has three of the ten most polluted cities in the world and hundreds of cities that are not in compliance with the World Health Organization (WHO) air quality guidelines.

【67】More than 120 cities have populations of more than one million, and by the end of the twenty-first century, 10 to 20 cities will have populations of more than 10 million. Rapid urbanization will challenge governments at all levels, not only to provide basic services to growing urban populations, but also to modernize, to continue to develop economically, and to address environmental concerns, particularly air pollution, that result from rapid economic growth.

Chinese planners now recognize that the choice of energy supply affects not only public health, but also land use, the environment, infrastructure, services, and economic growth.【68】Because China has an overabundance of coal and a scarcity of oil and gas, planners must continually balance the public good (i. e. , public health and quality of life) against the easy availability of polluting coal and the high cost of importing oil and natural gas. Fundamentally, the Chinese policy community must address ambient air quality concerns by integrating energy supply and use for all economic sectors--industrial, power generation, residential, commercial, and transportation.

【69】The national averages for emissions of SO2 and particulate matter (PM) have decreased, mostly as a result of stepped up enforcement of existing standards by national, provincial, and municipal governments. However, because of the increase in vehicle pollution and the continued prevalence of fine-particle pollution, the government passed a second amendment in 2000 to the 1987 Law of Air Pollution Prevention and Control.【70】When the new law is fully implemented over the next decade, it will greatly strengthen environmental laws and standards.

A. Thus, a secure, flexible, and varied energy-supply policy is critical to continued growth.

B. The new legislation, which went into effect September 1, 2001, calls for the regulation of transportation, as well as residential and commercial energy use.

C. In rural areas, air pollution is also common because a significant amount of industry that is highly dependent on coal is located in the countryside.

D. China is undergoing urbanization and industrial development on an unprecedented scale.

E. This may be because vehicles in Beijing tend to be new and have fairly efficient combustion systems.

F. A good deal of progress has been made in China since the mid-1990s.

(66)

ated unprecedented technological conditions for global economic and social development in the new century. In particular, the development of information and communications technologies has been making tremendous impact on our economic, social and cultural life.

On the one hand, informationization presents valuable "digital opportunities" for economic growth and social progress. On the other hand, it presents various challenges to us. Many countries are taking active measures to push the development of information technologies and the information industry in an effort to accelerate national informatization processes.

However, the development of information industry worldwide is seriously unbalanced. The gap between the rich and the poor in enjoying the benefits of and utilizing information resources and information technologies is widening instead of narrowing, putting the developing countries in a more disadvantageous position. This will inevitably further aggravate the social and economic disparity between the North and the South.

Narrowing and ultimately eliminating the "digital divide" is a major issue to be addressed in the process of building the information society. Otherwise, we could not be able to attain the goal of sustainable, sound and coordinated development of the global information society.

Weak information infrastructure has become a major reason for the gap between developing and developed countries and has seriously impaired the developing countries' ability to build information society. Therefore, we shall put emphasis on exploring the strategic goals for developing countries to accelerate their information infrastructure build-out.

These strategic goals may include: government macroeconomic control and market regulation policies, information regulation system in line with national conditions, sound relationship between technological development and market growth, avoiding market risks, innovative financing mechanisms for more financing channels, etc.

In the future information society, knowledge and skills will be a major driver for economic growth and one of the major contributors to the sustainable development of the information industry. One of the main reasons for the gap between developing and developed countries in information technologies is the lack of knowledge and human resources, which is a key issue to be considered in bridging the "digital divide".

So we shall consider establishing innovative mechanisms for human resources development and explore ways to improve human resources development on the basis of the existing training centers and training resources as well as the Internet so as to enhance the awareness of information technology.

Moreover, bridging the "digital divide" requires joint efforts of all countries around the world. Developed countries in particular shall truly shoulder their responsibilities in helping the developing countries accelerate their informatization processes and narrowing the "digital divide".

Concrete actions shall be taken, on the basis of the principles of mutually beneficial cooperation, to offer active assistance to developing countries in the form. of financial support, technology transfer and human resources training, etc.

听力原文： Good morning. This morning we are continuing our look at Australia and its natural problems. Actually dryness, or aridity, as it is generally called by geographers, is probably the most challenging of Australia's natural problems and so it is very important in this course for you to have a good understanding of the subject. For Australia, water is a precious resource and its wise management is of the greatest importance.

As I have said, Australia is a dry continent, second only to Antarctica in its lack of rainfall. Long hours of hot sunshine and searing winds give Australia an extremely high rate of evaporation, far more than in most other countries. It is estimated that approximately 87% of Australia's rainfall is lost through evaporation, compared with just over 60% in Europe and Africa and 48% in North America. You generally think of many parts of Australia standing water, that is dams, puddles and so forth, dry up rapidly and some rainfall barely penetrates the soil. The reason for this is that thirsty plants absorb the moisture.

Some parts of Australia are dry because rainwater seeps quickly through sandy soil and into the rock below. In parts of Australia this water, which seeps through the sandy soils collects underground to form. underground lakes. Water from these subterranean lakes can be pumped to the surface and lapped and so used for various purposes above the ground. In fact, extensive underground water is too salty to be used for human consumption or for the irrigation of crops. However, most inland farmers do rely on this water for watering their animal and, where possible, to a lesser extent for irrigation.

Underground water can flow very large distances and can be kept in underground reservoirs for a very long time. Water from these underground bubbles to the surface as springs in some parts of the country, and there rare sources of permanent water were vital to early explorers of island Australia, and to other pioneers last century, who used the springs for survival. But in many places levels have fallen drastically through continuous use over the year. This has necessitated the pumping of the water to the surface. Remarkably, underground water sources in Australia supply about 18% of total water consumption. So you can see it is quite an important source of water in this dry land.

So most of the consumption of water in Australia comes from water which is kept above ground. More than 300 dams regulate river flows around the country. The dams store water for a variety of function, the rural irrigation of crops, without which many productive areas of the country would not be able to be farmed ; the regulation of flooding, a serious problem which will be dealt with later in the course; and last but not least, the harnessing of the force of gravity for the generation of electricity. That is all we have for this morning, but you will be able to do further study on this important area in the interested, please come up to the desk and take a copy.

Australia is【21】driest continent in this world. The evaporation rate of rainfall in Australia is【22】.

The reason for rapid drying-up of water and bare penetrating of the soil of rainfall is that the moisture is absorbed by.【23】

In sandy soils rainwater can【24】

Water is mainly pumped up for【25】

Natural springs are located in some parts【26】

Underground water supplies about 18% of the【27】

The dams store water for a variety of functions:

the rural irrigation【28】

the regulation【29】

the generation【30】

(21)

d Wednesday with plans to impose extra charges on foreign and domestic carriers that pollute too much.

"We are showing our determination to fight climate change," said Europe's environment commissioner, Stavros Dimas, who announced the proposal Wednesday in Brussels. "This is one way to persuade other countries to come along with us."

The rules, which would be legally binding, would apply to all flights within the union starting in 2011. Foreign carders landing and taking off from busy airports like those in Frankfurt, London and Paris would be obliged to join the system the following year. If enacted(颁布), the measure could drive up costs for airlines, potentially leading to higher airfares for travelers.

The proposal draws from the principles of an established system that Europe now uses to help combat global warming and meet emissions goals set forth under the Kyoto Protocol.

Under that plan, which has so far exempted airlines, governments set goals for the carbon dioxide emissions of producers of power, cement, fuels, pulp and paper. If they exceed those goals, companies must purchase allocations, or credits. Many airlines, supported by the United States government, are seeking to blunt the European plans, calling them expensive and unworkable. They want the International Civil Aviation Organization, a United Nations agency, to draw up any rules for emissions trading so that all countries comply.

Giovanni Bisignani, director general of the International Air Transport Association, a group that includes most of the world's airlines, said Wednesday that he would continue to seek changes before the plan was approved by European Union governments and the European Parliament, a process that is likely to take years.

"We are concerned about the legal implications of applying the scheme outside Europe from 2012," Mr. Bisignani said. "We must have a global approach for a global problem."

British Airways said the planned legislation would "now treat aviation more similarly to other industries". But Lufthansa, a German carrier, sharply criticized the plan, saying that more rapid action to streamline air traffic control and reduce flight detours and holding patterns would be far more effective at cutting emissions.

The proposals "would tie up resources and capital by bureaucracy," Lufthansa said, warning that "important investments in environmentally friendly technologies would have to be postponed." Lufthansa is more dependent for overall sales than British Airways on flights that take off and land in the European Union.

The international air transport group said that Europe's proposal could still cost airlines globally up to 2.9 billion euros($3.8 billion) a year to buy allowances starting in 2012, when the rules are expected to cover all flights in and out of the union.

But European officials said that airlines should be able to pass much of the extra costs on to passengers, who would face increases in ticket prices of $2 to $12 for a trip within the European Union over the next decade. Officials said a return flight to New York might cost an additional $10 to more than $50, depending on how much individual airlines would have to pay for extra carbon allowances.

What does the passage mainly discuss？

A．The approach of reducing airline pollution.

B．The extra costs the passengers have to pay for airlines.

C．The advantages of performing the new regulation of European Union on airlines.

D．The response of Airline Industries towards the new regulation of European Union.

Birth Control

The term birth control refers to the volitional (自觉的) control of the number and spacing of children in a family. It encompasses the wide range of rational and irrational methods that have been used in the attempt to regulate human fertility, as well as the response of individuals and of groups within society to the choices offered by such methods. Birth control has been and remains controversial. The U. S. reformer Margaret Sanger coined the phrase in 1914～1915 and, like the social movement she founded, the term has been caught up in a quest for acceptance, generating many synonyms, family planning, planned parenthood, responsible parenthood, voluntary parenthood, contraception, fertility regulation, and fertility control.

Human reproduction involves a range of activities and events, from sexual intercourse through birth, and depends as well on a series of physiological interactions, such as the timing of ovulation within the menstrual cycle. The visible events are central to the transmission of life and have been subject to social and religious control. The invisible factors in human reproduction gave rise early on to speculation and in modern times have become the topic of scientific investigation and manipulation. New knowledge relevant to birth control has diffused at different rates through various social groups and has not always been available to those with the greatest need. Hence, the conflicts and controversies surrounding birth control have been complex and impassioned. The disagreement over birth control arises in part from the debate over what is natural and what is artificial (and, to some, unacceptable).

In 1790 a Venetian monk, Gianmaria Ortis, concluded that human population growth could not continue indefinitely. Malthus' work a few years later stimulated more discussion and also provided the intellectual clue that inspired Charles Darwin's theory of biological evolution through the survival of the fittest. In 1798 Thomas Malthus wrote An Essay on the Principle of Population. It posed the conundrum (大难题) of geometrical population growth's outstripping arithmetic expansion in resources. The debate about human numbers remained academic, however, until the 1950s, when a surge in population occurred as a result of the comparative peace and prosperity following World War Ⅱ.

In Malthus' time world population was under 1,000,000,000, and when Sanger and Stopes opened the first birth control clinics population was still less than 2,000,000,000. In 1960 global population surpassed 3,000,000,000, and the next 1,000,000,000 was added in a mere 15 years. In the 19th century the population of industrialized nations rarely grew by more that 1 percent per annum, but in the 1960s and '70s many developing countries exploded at a rate of 2 to 3 percent per year.

Rapid population growth has several economic consequences. It requires heavier investment in education, health, and transport merely to maintain these services at their previous level; yet, the working population has a higher burden of dependence to support, making both individual and national saving more difficult. Although population growth is not the only problem dividing rich and poor countries, it is one important variable that has widened the gap in growth in per capita income between developed and developing nations. Advocates of birth control see it as a means to prevent the personal and social pressures that result from rapid population growth.

There is a marked relationship between patterns of reproduction and the risk of death to the mother and her child. Maternal deaths and infant mortality are up to 60 percent higher among girls under 15 than among women who have a child in their early 20s. The risk of death to the mother and her child rises again in the second half of the 30s. Maternal and infant mortality is lowest for the second and third deliveries.

A．Y

B．N

C．NG

" Progress" was the watchword(口号) of the first two decades of the 20th Century. World-wide attempts to deal with rapid industrial growth brought changes in technology, ideas, and political and social institutions that were to shape the century.

Advances in communication: the telegraph, radio, motion pictures, sped knowledge of events throughout cities and rural areas. Airplanes and automobiles widened the geographic boundaries of people's lives. In December 1903, Orville and Wilbur Wright successfully flew the first powered heavier-than-air vehicle. In 1908 Henry Ford introduced his Model-T, a mass-produced automobile available at the affordable price of $ 850. In 1920, KDKA broadcast the first radio reporting of presidential election results.

The Progressives who held political control in the US throughout the period worked to increase democratic participation in the government and other institutions. Through their social reform. movements, they attempted to improve people's lives by advocating prohibition of alcoholic beverages, the regulation of working conditions, and the improvement of living conditions. The booming cities were populated by immigrants who saw America as the land of opportunity. Immigration to the US reached its peak in 1907 with 12, 000 arrivals a day, but would continue to be an issue for Americans until the end of the century. Prohibition, legalized by the 18th Amendment in 1919, would challenge law enforcement officials into 1930s.

Both Republican and Democratic parties pursued a progressive agenda from 1900 through 1920. Republicans Theodore Roosevelt and William H. Taft pressed for democratic reforms in local, state and national government, restrictions on business monopolies, and advocated social and economic benefits for American citizens. Democrat Woodrow Wilson advocated reforms in banking, tariffs, trusts and labor and sought the development of democracy internationally.

Government and business became more democratic. Big business was a negative and positive force for change; industry's treatment of workers created the pressure for labor reform; municipal governments modeled their management structures on business organizations. President Theodore Roosevelt led a campaign to" bust the trusts". On May 15,1911, the Supreme Court dissolved the monopoly of the Standard Oil Company.

The people became more directly involved with government. The passage of the 17th Amendment to the Constitution in 1913 provided/'or the popular election of Senators. Women lobbied for and won a voice in government with the passage of the 19th Amendment to the Constitution on August 8,1920.

What happened in 1920？

A．Radio was first used.

B．The first president was elected.

C．The first car came into being.

D．The first airplane was made.

神经-体液调节(neuro-humoral regulation)