Interpreting is kind of the form of translation.

ther words, it is the communication and exchange not only between different languages but also between different__________.

听力原文： Reading is thought to be a kind of conversation between the reader and the text. The reader puts questions, as it were, to the text and gets answers, in the light of these he puts further questions, and so on.

For most of the time this conversation goes on below the level of consciousness. At times, however, we become aware of it. This is usually when we are running into difficulties, when mismatch is occurring between expectations and meaning. When successful matching is being experienced, our questioning of the text continues at the unconscious level.

Different people converse with the text differently. Some stay very close to the words on the page; others take off imaginatively from the words, interpreting, criticizing, analyzing and examining. The former represents a kind of comprehension which is written in the text. The latter represents higher levels of comprehension. The balance between these is important, especially for advanced readers.

There is another conversation which from our point of view is equally important, and that is to do not with what is read but with how it is read. We call this a process conversation as opposed to a content conversation. It is concerned not with meaning but with the strategies we employ in reading. If we are an advanced reader our ability to hold a content conversation with a text is usually pretty well developed. It is precisely the process conversation that is of importance when we are seeking to develop our reading to meet the new demands being placed upon us by studying at a higher level.

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A．The reader has trouble understanding what the author says.

B．The reader's expectations agree with what is said in the text.

C．The reader asked questions and got answers.

D．The reader understands a text very well.

be a kind of conversation between the reader and the text. The reader puts questions, as it were, to the text and gets answers. In the light of these he puts further questions, and so on.

For most of the time this “conversation” goes on below the level of consciousness. At times, however, we become aware of it. This is usually when we are running into difficulties, when mismatch is occurring between expectations and meaning. When successful matching is being experienced, our questioning of the text continues at the unconscious level.

Different people converse with the text differently. Some stay very close to the words on the page; others take off imaginatively from the words, interpreting, criticizing, analyzing and examining. The former represents a kind of comprehension which is written in the text. The latter represents higher levels of comprehension. The balance between these is important, especially for advanced readers.

There is another conversation which from our point of view is equally important, and that is to do not with what is read but with how it is read. We call this a “process” conversation as opposed to a “content” conversation. It is concerned not with meaning but with the strategies (策略) we employ in reading. If we are an advanced reader our ability to hold a process conversation with a text is usually pretty well developed. Not so our ability to hold a content conversation. It is precisely this kind of conversation that is of importance when we are seeking to develop our reading to meet the new demands being placed upon us by studying at a higher level.

第31题：Reading as a kind of conversation between the reader and the text becomes conscious only when ________.

A) the reader’s expectations agree with what is said in the text

B) the reader has trouble understanding what the author says

C) the reader asks questions and gets answers

D) the reader understands a text very well

Questions 2～6 are based on the following passage.

Direction：In this part,you will have l5 minutes to go over the passage quickly and answer the questions on Answer Sheet l．For questions 2－8，choose the best answer from the four choices marked [A]，[B]，[C]and[D]．For questions 9—11，complete the sentences with the information given in the passage.

Interpretation

Translation and interpretation are the ultimate jobs for people who love language. However，there are a lot of misunderstandings about these two fields，including the difference between them and what kind of skills and education they require．

For some reason．most laypeople refer to both translation and interpretation as“translation”.Although translation and interpretation share the common goal of taking information that is available in one language and converting it to another，they are in fact two separate processes. So what is the difference between translation and interpretation？ It’s very simple.Translation is written—it involves taking a written text(such as a book or an article) and translating it in writing into the target language．Interpretation is oral—it refers to listening to something spoken (a speech or phone conversation)and interpreting it orally into the target language. Incidentally，those who facilitate communication between hearing persons and deaf/hard-of-hearing persons are also known as interpreters．This might seem like a subtle distinction，but if you consider your own language skills．the odds are that your ability to read/write and listen/speak is not identical—you are probablv more skilled at one pair of the other．So translators are excellent writers，while interpreters have superior oral communication skills．In addition，spoken language is quite different from written ,which adds a further dimension to the distinction．Then there’s the fact that translators work alone to produce a translation，while interpreters work with two or more people/groups to provide an interpretation on the spot during negotiations，seminars，phone conversations，etc．

There are two types of interpretation：simultaneous and consecutive interpretation The main difference between them lies in the time lag between the original speech and the interpretation into the foreign language. Simultaneous is "continuous flow" whereas consecutive has a "stop-and-go"rhythm. It is comparable to the difference between doing consecutive and concurrent time.

Simultaneous is real-time interpreting: speakers talk as they normally would, without pause,as the interpreter .listens to one language and speaks in another, all at the same time (hence the term simultaneous), with the voices overlapping, though the speaker's voice is dominant and the interpreter whispers into a microphone. It is also known as U.N. style. interpreting. Simultaneous interpreting is the only way to provide a running rendition of everything said in the courtroom by judge, counsel, witnesses, etc., without requiting the original speaker to stop after every sentence. Few people can interpret simultaneously at a high level of accuracy (80% or better),regardless of their ability to speak the two languages in question. Simultaneous interpretation calls for concentration, mental flexibility, and wide-ranging vocabulary in both languages. Research has shown that 23 cognitive skills are involved in simultaneous interpreting. Current neurological research reveals that interpreting draws heavily upon both left-brain and right-brain functions.

Consecutive interpreting involves a pause between language conversions: first the interpreter listens to the entire original phrase or passage, then interprets it into the other language. This mode is used for Q&A of non-English speaking witnesses, and requires more waiting time. It is important for the interpreter not to be seen whispering to the witness, for that would convey intimacy or collusion to the jury. It is equally import

A．it requires more concentration than usual

B．it converts information to another

C．people work alone to accomplish it

D．it require more skills and education

ting, assigning or promoting students, employees and military personnel, have been the target of recent attacks in books, magazines, the daily press, and even in Congress. The target is wrong, for, in attacking the tests, critics divert attention from the fault that lies with ill-in formed or incompetent users. The tests themselves are merely specified condition. Whether the results will be valuable, meaningless, or even misleading depends partly upon the tool itself but largely upon the user.

All informed predictions of future performance are based upon some knowledge of relevant past performance. How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends up on the amount, reliability and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted. Anyone who keeps careful score knows that the information available is always incomplete and that the predictions are always subject to error.

Standardized tests should be considered in this context: they provide a quick, objective method of getting some kind of information about what a person has learned, the skills he has developed, or the kind of person he is. The information so obtained has, qualitatively, the same advantages and shortcomings as other kinds of information~ Whether to use tests; other kinds of information, or both in a particular situation depends, therefore, upon the empirical evidence concerning comparative validity and upon such factors as cost and availability.

In general, the tests work most effectively when the traits or qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined(for example, ability to do well in a particular course of training pro gram)and least effectively when what is to be measured of predicted cannot be well defined, for example, personality or creativity. Properly used, they provide a rapid means of getting comparable information about many people~ Sometimes they identify students whose high potential has not been previously recognized.

In this passage, the author is primarily concerned with ______.

A．the necessity of standardized tests

B．the validity of standardized tests

C．the method used in interpreting the results of standardized tests

D．the theoretical grounds of standardized tests

Reading is thought to be a kind of conversation between the reader and the text. The reader puts questions, as it were, to the text and gels answers. In the light of these he puts further questions, and so on. For most of the time this “conversation” goes on below the level of consciousness. At times, however, we become aware of it. This is usually when we arc running into difficulties, when mismatch is occurring between expectations and meaning. When successful matching is being experienced, our questioning of the text continues at the unconscious level.

Different people converse with the text differently. Some stay very close to the words on the page, others take off imaginatively from the words, interpreting, criticizing, analyzing and examining. The former represents a kind of comprehension which is written in the text. The latter represents higher levels of comprehension. The balance between these is important, especially for advanced readers.

There is another conversation which from our point of view is equally important, and that is to do not with what is read but with how it is read. We call this a “process”conversation as opposed to a “content” conversation. It is concerned not with meaning but with the strategies we employ in reading. If we are an advanced reader our ability to hold a process conversation with a text is usually pretty well developed. Not so our ability to hold a content conversation. It is precisely this kind of conversation that is of importance when we are seeking to develop our reading to meet the new demands being placed upon us by studying at a higher level.

According to the author, when will our reading become conscious？

A.When the readers expectations match with what is said in the text.

B.When the reader has trouble understanding what the author says.

C.When the reader asks tough questions and gets proper answers.

D.When the reader understands a text with no difficulties.

At a lower level of comprehension, readers tend to_____.A.read a text slowly and carefully

B.read without thinking hard

C.interpret a text in their own way

D.focus on the meaning of words only

A “process” conversation has to do with____ .A.the application of reading strategies

B.matching our expectations with the meaning of a text

C.the development of our ability to check the details

D.determining the main idea of a text

According to the passage, it is of great importance for readers at a higher level to maintain a balance between_____.A.conscious and unconscious levels of comprehension

B.the reader's expectations and the meaning of a text

C.lower and higher levels of comprehension

D.interpreting and criticizing a text

A、media interpreting

B、academic interpreting

C、liaison interpreting

D、consecutive interpreting