His theory about how life on Earth began doesn't ____ water.

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A."Indirectly， relativity paved the way for a new relativism in morality， art and politics，"Isaacson wrote in an essay explaining Time"s choices.

B.How he thought of the relativity theory influenced the general public"s view about Albert Einstein.

C."Clearly， no scientist better represents those advances than Albert Einstein."

D.Roosevelt heeded the advice and formed the "Manhattan Project" that secretly developed the first atomic weapon.

E.In his early years， Einstein did not show the promise of what he was to become.

F.In his "Special Theory of Relativity，" Einstein described how the only constant in the universe is the speed of light.

回答（50）题 查看材料

A."Indirectly， relativity paved the way for a new relativism in morality， art and politics，"Isaacson wrote in an essay explaining Time"s choices.

B.How he thought of the relativity theory influenced the general public"s view about Albert Einstein.

C."Clearly， no scientist better represents those advances than Albert Einstein."

D.Roosevelt heeded the advice and formed the "Manhattan Project" that secretly developed the first atomic weapon.

E.In his early years， Einstein did not show the promise of what he was to become.

F.In his "Special Theory of Relativity，" Einstein described how the only constant in the universe is the speed of light.

What makes a person a scientist？ (是什么使一个人成为科学家？)Does he have ways or toolsof learning that are different from those of others？ The ans wer is “no”. It is not the tools a scientist uses but how he uses these tools that makes him a scientist. You will probably agree that knowing how to use a power is important to a carpenter. You will probably agree, too, that knowing how to investigate, how to discover information, is important to everyone. The scientist, however, goes one step further, he must be sure that he has a reasonable answer to his questions and that his answer can be confirmed by other persons. He also works to fit the answers he gets to many questions into a large set of ideas about how the world works.

The scientist’s knowledge must be exact. There is no room for half right or right just half the time.He must be as nearly right as the conditions permit. What works under one set of conditions at onetime must work under the same must be explained by the changes in the conditions. This is one reasonthat investigations are important in science. Albert Einstein, who developed the Theory of Relativity,arrived at this theory through mathematics. The accuracy of his mathematics was later tested throughinvestigations, and Einstein ’idesas were shown to be correct. A scientist uses many tools formeasurements. Then the measurements are used to make mathematical calculations that may test his investigations.

1、What makes a scientist according to the passage？()

A.The tools he uses.

B.The way he uses his tools.

C.His ways of learning.

D.The various tools he uses.

2、The underlined part in the passage shows().

A.the importance of information

B.the importance of thinking

C.the difference between scientists and ordinary people

D.the difference between carpenters and people with other jobs

3、A sound scientific theory should be one that() .

A.works not only under one set of conditions at one time, but also under the same conditions at other times

B.does not allow any changes even under different conditions

C.can be used for many purposes

D.leaves no room for improvement

4、The author quotes the case of Albert Einstein to illustrate ().

A.that measurements are keys to success in science

B.that accuracy of mathematics

C.that investigations are important in science

D.that the mathematical calculations may test his investigations

5、What is the main idea of the passage？()

A.The theory of relativity.

B.Exactness is the core of science.

C.Scientists are different from ordinary people.

D.Exactness and ways of using tools are the keys to the making of a scientist.

He is a rare celebrity scientist. He's even had a TV cameo role (小角色) in Star Trek in which he plays poker with scientific icons (偶像)Sir Isaac Newton and Albert Einstein. Yet when asked about comparisons between himself and the two scientists, he calls it all "media hype (炒作)." Once asked how he felt about being labeled the world's smartest person, he responded: "It is very embarrassing. It is rubbish, just media hype. They just want a hero, and I fill the role model of a disabled genius. At least I am disabled, but I am no genius. "

Hawking has ALS or Lou Gehrig's disease, a neuromuscular disease that progressively weakens muscle control. He gets around in a wheelchair, and after completely losing the use of his vocal chords in an operation to assist his breathing in 1985, he communicates through a computer. A speech synthesizer "speaks" for him after he punches in what he wants to say, selecting words in the computer software by pressing a switch with his hand. Unfortunately, it makes him sound like he has an American accent, he says.

Despite his humorous, self-effacing manner, Hawking is one of the world's leading theoretical physicists. Many consider him to be the most brilliant since Einstein. Since 1979, he's held the post of Lucasian professor of mathematics at Cambridge University—which was once held by Isaac Newton no less—and has twelve honorary degrees. He's also a best-selling author. His book, A Brief History of Time ,has been translated into 33 languages and has sold nine million copies.

For much of his academic life, Hawking has been among a group of theoretical physicists searching for a "theory of everything'—one unified scientific theory that explains the big cosmological questions like How did the universe begin？ Why is the universe the way it is？ and How will it end ？

You are probably familiar with the existing theories, such as the Big Bang theory. However, these theories are inconsistent with each other. So Hawking—among a group of theoretical physicists—has been on a quest to come. up with a theory of quantum (量子)gravity that would incorporate these theories—the theory of everything (TOE)—which would solve the problem of what caused the universe to start expanding.

How successful have the world's leading cosmologists been？ Hawking predicts we'll have the TOE in the next 20 years.

From the first paragraph we can see that Hawking.

A．is a very famous scientist

B．can be compared with Newton and Einstein

C．is a very good actor

D．has surpassed any scientists known in the world

oes she say this？ Why does he do that？ Sometimes the reason is obvious. For example, someone is driving down the street, the light turns red, and he stops, why？

W: Because he has to, legally I mean.

M: Exactly! In this case the reason is obvious, so we usually don't question it. But when the reason is not so obvious and especially when the behavior. could have negative consequences, we're more likely to feel a need to explain the catkins of the behavior. Social psychologists have a term for this, for the process of explaining the muses of behavior. It's called causal attribution. And one theory suggests there's a pattern in the way we go about attributing causes to people's behavior. According to this theory, there are two categories of reasons: internal factors and external factors. Again, Lisa, say you're driving down the road and all of a sudden some guy turns into the lane right in front of you, and you have to slam on your brake to avoid an accident. How do you react？

W: I'll probably get very angry.

M: Because.

W: Well, he's not paying attention; he's a bad driver.

M: So you automatically attribute the driver's behavior. to an internal factor. He himself is to blame because he is careless.

W: So if I said it was because of heavy traffic or something. I'd be attributing his behavior. to an external factor, something beyond his control.

M: Good. Now how will you explain your own negative behavior？

W: I should blame external factors.

M: That's right.

(24)

A．Judging people's behavior.

B．Common causes of anger.

C．Changing people's attitudes.

D．The effects of negative behavior.

did she say this？" Why did he do that？ Sometimes the reason is obvious, for example, someone is driving down the street, the light turns red, they stop, why？

W: Because they have to, legally I mean.

M: Exactly! In this case the reason is obvious, so we usually don't question it. But when the reason is not so obvious and especially when the behavior. could have negative consequences we'll more likely to feel a need to explain the causes of the behavior. Social psychologists have a term for this, for the process of explaining the causes of the behavior, it's called "causal attribution". And one theory suggests, there's a pattern in the way we go about attributing causes to people's behavior. According to this theory, there are two categories of reasons: internal factors and external factors. Again, Lisa, say you're driving down the road and all of a sudden some guy turns into the lane right in front of you, and you have to slam on your brakes to avoid an accident. How do you react？

W: I'll probably get very angry.

M: Because ...

W: Well, he's not paying attention, he's a bad driver.

M: So you automatically attribute the driver's behavior. to an internal factor. He himself is to blame because he is careless.

W: So if I said it was because of heavy traffic or something, I'd be attributing his behavior. to an external factor, something beyond his control.

M: Good. Now how do we usually explain our own negative behavior？

W: We blame external factors.

M: That's right.

(23)

A．Common causes of anger.

B．Judging people's behavior.

C．Changing people's attitudes.

D．The effects of negative behavior.

id she say this？ Why did he do that？ Sometimes the reason is obvious, for example, someone is driving down the street, the light turns red, and they stop, why？

W: Because they have to, legally I mean.

M: Exactly! In this case the reason is obvious, so usually we don't question it. But when the reason is not so obvious and especially when the behavior. could have negative consequences, we'll more likely to feel a need to explain the causes of the behavior. Social psychologists have a term for this, for the process of explaining the causes of the behavior, it's called "causal attribution". And one theory suggests, there's a pattern in the way we go about attributing causes to people's behavior. According to this theory, there are two categories of reasons: internal factors and external factors. Again, Lisa, say you're driving down the road and all of a sudden some guy turns into the lane right in front of you, and you have to slam on your brakes to avoid an accident. How do you react？

W: I'll probably get very angry.

M: Because...

W: Well, he's not paying attention, he's a bad driver.

M: So you automatically attribute, the driver's behavior. to an internal factor. He himself is to blame because he is careless.

W: So if I said it was because of heavy traffic or something, I'd be attributing his behavior. to an external factor, something beyond his control.

M: Good. Now how do we usually explain our own negative behavior？

W: We blame external factors.

M: That's right.

(23)

A．Common causes of anger.

B．Judging people's behavior.

C．Changing people's attitudes.

D．The effects of negative behavior.