A speech cannot be successful without ______ your audience

What cannot be inferred from Obama's UN speech？

A．Obama accepted Netanyahu's position of the settlement issue.

B．Obama did not admit his defeat on Israeli settlement.

C．Obama tried to redeem his profile in Mideast issues.

D．Obama was determined in his Mideast-Peace effort.

Which one of the following could be the most appropriate title of this speech？

A．Importance of A Good Night's Sleep.

B．The Best Things Money Cannot Buy.

C．Taking Good Care of Oneself.

D．How to Enjoy Life Thoroughly.

Which generalization CANNOT be made in the light of the author's second conclusion？

A．The murmurings and pauses in British people's speeches are meaningful.

B．British English emphasizes the match between ones's speech and one's social position.

C．American people tend to exaggerate everything.

D．American people may use the word "terrific" simply out of courtesy.

you did a great job.

M: Let's face it, tonight made it obvious that I'm just not cut out to be a public speaker.

Q: What can be inferred about the man？

(16)

A．He has cut himself.

B．He cannot face the public.

C．He was too close to the speaker.

D．He is not feeling well about the news.

The Art of Public Speaking

If you were to tape-record one of David Letterman's comedy routines, memorize it word for word, and stand up before your friends to recite it, would you get the same response Letterman does？ Not very likely. And why not？ Because you would not deliver the jokes as Letterman does. Of course, the jokes are basically funny. But David Letterman bring something extra to the jokes—his manner of presentation, his vocal inflections, his perfectly timed pauses, his facial expressions, his gestures. All these are part of an expert delivery.

No one expects your speech class to transform. you into a multimillion-dollar talk show host. Still, this example demonstrates how important delivery can be to any public speaking situation. Even a common speech will be more effective if it is presented well, whereas a wonderfully written speech can be ruined by poor delivery.

This does not mean dazzling delivery will turn a mindless string of nonsense into a triumphant oration. You cannot make a good speech without having something to say. But having something to say is not enough. You must also know how to say it.

What Is Good Delivery？

Good delivery does not call attention to itself. It conveys the speaker's ideas clearly, interestingly, and without distracting the audience. If you mumble (含糊的说) your words, gaze out the window, or talk in a dull tone, you will not get your message across. Nor will you be effective if you show off, strike a dramatic pose, or shout in ringing tones. Most audiences prefer delivery that combines a certain degree of formality with the best attributes of good conversation—directness, facial expressiveness, and a lively sense of communication.

Speech delivery is an art, not a science. What works for one speaker may fail for another. And what succeeds with today's audience may not with tomorrow's. You cannot become a skilled speaker just by following a set of rules in a textbook. In the long run, there is no substitute for experience. But take heart! A textbook can give you basic pointers to get you started in the right direction.

Methods of Delivery

There are four basic methods of delivering a speech:

(1) reading from a manuscript

Certain speeches must be delivered word for word, according to a well-prepared manuscript. Examples include an engineer's report to a professional meeting, or a president's message to Congress. Absolute accuracy is essential. Every word of the speech will be analyzed by the press, by colleagues, perhaps by enemies. Timing may also be a factor in manuscript. speeches. Much of today's political campaigning is done on radio and television. If the candidate buys a one-minute spot and pays a great deal of money for it, that one minute of speech must be just right.

(2) reciting a memorized text

Among the feats of the legendary orators, none leaves us more in awe than their practice of presenting even the longest and most complex speeches entirely from memory. Nowadays it is no longer customary to memorize any but the shortest of speeches—toasts, introductions, and the like. If you are giving a speech of this kind and want to memorize it, by all means do so. However, be sure to memorize it so thoroughly that you will be able to concentrate on communicating with the audience, not on trying to remember the words. Speakers who gaze at the ceiling or stare out the window trying to recall what they have memorized are no better off than those who read dully from a manuscript.

(3) speaking impromptu (即兴的)

An impromptu speech is delivered with little or no immediate preparation. Few people choose to speak impromptu, but sometimes it cannot be avoided. In fact, many of the speeches you give in life will be impromptu. You might be called on suddenly to "say a few words" or, in th

A．is a comedian

B．is basically funny

C．is of bad manner

D．is an expert

rmation is disseminated, by altering political campaigns, and by changing citizens' patterns of response to politics. By giving citizens independent access to the candidates, television diminished the role of the political party in the selection of the major party candidates. By centering politics on the person of the candidate, television accelerated the citizen's focus on character than issues.

Television has altered the forms of political communication as well. The messages on which most of us rely are briefer than they once were. The stump speech, a political speech given by traveling politicians and lasting 1.5 to 2 hours, which characterized nineteenth century political discourse, has given way to the 30-second advertisement and 10-second "sound bite (原声摘要)" in broadcast news. Increasingly the audience for speeches is not that standing in front of the politician but rather viewing audience who will hear and see a snippet (摘录) of the speech on the news.

In these abbreviated (缩减的)forms, much of what constituted the traditional political discourse of earlier ages has been lost. In 15 or 30 seconds, a speaker cannot establish the historical context that shaped the issue in question, cannot detail the probable causes of the problem, and cannot examine alternative proposals to argue that one is preferable to others. In snippets, politicians assert but do not argue.

Because television is an intimate medium, speaking through it required a changed political style. that was more conversational, personal, and visual than that of the old-style. stump speech. Reliance on television means that increasingly our political world contains memorable pictures rather than memorable words. Schools teach us to analyze words and print. However, in a world in which politics is increasingly visual, informed citizenship requires a new set of skills.

Recognizing the power of television's pictures, politicians craft televisual, staged events, called pseudo events, designed to attract media coverage. Much of the political activity we see on television news has been crafted by politicians, their speechwriters, and their public relations advisers for televised consumption bites in news and answers to questions in debates increasingly sound like advertisements.

It can be inferred from the passage that ______.

A．politics in the United States has been significantly changed by television

B．citizens in the United States prefer to see politicians on television instead of in person

C．politics in the United States has become substantially more controversial since the introduction of television

D．citizens in the United States are now more informed about political issues because of television coverage

A.promise

B.agreement

C.speech

D.rhetoric

rmation is disseminated, by altering political campaigns, and by changing citizens' patterns of response to politics. By giving citizens independent access to the candidates, television diminished the role of the political party in the selection of the major party candidates. By centering politics on the person of the candidate, television accelerated the citizen's focus on character rather than issues.

Television has altered the forms of political communication as well. The messages on which most of us rely are briefer than they once were. The stump speech, a political speech given by traveling politicians and lasting 1.5 to 2 hours, which characterized nineteenth-century political discourse, has given way to the 30 second advertisement and the 10 second "sound bite" in broadcast news. Increasingly the audience for speeches is not that standing in front of the politician but rather the viewing audience who will hear and see a snippet (片断) of the speech on the news.

In these abbreviated forms, much of what constructed the traditional political discourse of earlier ages has been lost. In 15 or 30 seconds, a speaker cannot establish the historical context that shaped the issues in question, cannot detail the probable causes of the problem, and cannot examine alternative proposals to argue that one is preferable to others. In snippets, politicians assert but do not argue.

Because television is an intimate medium, speaking through it required a changed political style. that was more conversational, personal, and visual than that of the old-style. stump speech. Reliance on television means that increasingly our political world contains memorable pictures rather than memorable words. Schools teach us to analyze words and print. However, in a world in which politics is increasingly visual, informed citizenship requires a new set of skills.

Recognizing the power of television's pictures, politicians craft televisual, staged events, called pseudo-events, designed to attract media coverage. Much of the political activity we see on television news has been crafted by politicians, their speechwriters, and their public relations advisers for televised consumption. Sound bites in news and answers to questions in debates increasingly sound like advertisements.

What is the main point of the passage？

A．Citizens in the United States are now more informed about political issues because of television coverage.

B．Citizens in the United States prefer to see politicians on television instead of in person.

C．Politics in the United States has become substantially more controversial since the introduction of television.

D．Politics in the United States has been significantly changed by television.

Section B

Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice.

Television has transformed politics in the United States by changing the way in which information is transmitted, by altering political campaigns, and by changing citizens patterns of response to politics. By giving citizens independent access to the candidates, television diminished the role of the political party in the selection of the major party candidates. By centering politics on the person of the candidate, television accelerated the citizen's focus on character than issues.

Television has altered the forms of political communication as well. The messages on which most of us rely are briefer than they once were. The stump speech, a political speech given by traveling politicians and lasting 1.5 to 2 hours, which characterized nineteenth century political discourse, has given way to the 30-second advertisement and 10-second "sound bite (原声摘要)" in broadcast news. Increasingly the audience for speeches is not that standing in front of the politician but rather viewing audience who will hear and see a snippet (摘录) of the speech on the news.

In these abbreviated (缩减的) forms, much of what constituted the traditional political discourse of earlier ages has been lost. In 15 or 30 seconds, a speaker cannot establish the historical context that shaped the issue in question, cannot detail the probable causes of the problem, and cannot examine alternative proposals to argue that one is preferable to others. In snippets, politicians assert but do not argue.

Because television is an intimate medium, speaking through it required a changed political style. that was more conversational, personal, and visual than that of the old-style. stump speech. Reliance on television means that increasingly our political world contains memorable pictures rather than memorable words. Schools teach us to analyze words and print. However, in a world in which politics is increasingly visual, informed citizenship requires a new set of skills.

Recognizing the power of television's pictures, politicians craft televisual, staged events, called pseudo events, designed to attract media coverage. Much of the political activity we see on television news has been crafted by politicians, their speechwriters, and their public relations advisers for televised consumption. Sound bites in news and answers to questions in debates increasingly sound like advertisements.

It can be inferred from the passage that ______.

A．citizens in the United States are now more informed about political issues because of television coverage

B．citizens in the United States prefer to see politicians on television instead of in person

C．politics in the United States has become substantially more controversial since the introduction of television

D．politics in the United States has been significantly changed by television