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Counterfeit
Making and selling fake copies of well-known products has been a nice little earner for crafty craftsmen over thousands of years : In Roman Gaul, unscrupulous potters would put the seals of better-known competitors on their urns so they would sell better. Until the 1980s, counterfeiting was a relatively small-scale business restricted mainly to copying luxury fashion items, such as watches and leather goods, in limited quantities. But in the 1990s it was transformed into a much bigger, broader industry, with large-scale production and distribution of false versions of such everyday items as biscuits and shampoo. Modem technology is making it ever easier to create near-perfect copies of branded goods for a fraction of the retail price of the real thing.
By its nature, the extent of counterfeiting is hard to measure precisely, but a study by the International Chamber of Commerce reckonedthat it grew from perhaps 3 % of world trade in 1990 to 5 % in 1995.John Pepper, hairman of Proter & Gamble, a consumer-goods multinational, says it may now be 7% -9%, or over $ 450 billion a year.
In some developing countries, the authorities have had, at best, an ambivalent attitude towards the booming manufacture of fake goods in their midst. After all, it creates jobs for local people and, at first sight,appears only to hurt foreign firms. Thus the richer countries whose firms are the main victims have had to use a mixture of persuasion and threats to get poorer nations to crack down on the pirates. The Uruguay round of world trade talks, which ended in 1994, resulted in agreement on the Trade Related Aspects of intellectual Property Rights (Trips ) , which obliges all mender countries of the World Trade Organization to impose penalties for counterfeiting and other breaches of intellectual property rights; to enforce their piracy laws adequately; and to heap firms inhibit trade in faked versions of their products.
Besides offering poorer countries trade privileges in return for a clampdown on counterfeiting, rich countries have tried convincing them that if they try harder to enforce intellectual property rights, they will win more foreign investment. But, realizing that persuasion is having little effect, they are also resorting to threats:On January 15th, America issued a warning to the Philippines, the world&39;s leading piracy centers, that they may have their trade privileges taken away unless they crack down harder on the counterfeiting gangs.
The first paragraph is written to tell us that__________. 查看材料
A.the history of counterfeiting is more than thousands of years
B.counterfeiting is an effective way to make more money
C.modem technology is responsible for the booming manufacture of fake goods
D.counterfeiting has become more and more rampant
A、Japanese
B、Chinese
C、America
D、Native Americans
Failing to identify pre-shipment damage and neglecting to make appropriate notations on bills of lading will deprive the carrier of his rights，limitations and immunities under the contract of carriage and may prejudice Club cover．Assertions are sometimes made by cargo interests that rust on a particular shipment is normal and will not affect its market value．
Such comments should be disregarded.In all cases where a steel cargo is found to be rusty，it is imperative that remarks are made on the bills of lading，irrespective of the apparent severity of the rust．The bills of lading should also be claused to reflect any physical pre-shipment damage to the steel and/or wrappers（bends，tears，crimps，dents，deformation，crushing）．
Selecting the most appropriate clauses to describe pre-shipment damage is not always easy，and the attending surveyor should be consulted for advice． Where possible，the clausing should list the identification marks of the damaged GOODs，failing which the number of coils or packages should be quantified.Percentage estimates regarding the number of damaged pieces should not be given．If it is not possible to identify the damaged GOODs specifically，the words“some”or“several”may be acceptable．Any differences found between the ship and shore tally or ship and bill of lading figures must be noted on the bill of lading in the usual manner．
问题：
The clausing on B/L is to reflect and make notation of ________ the cargoes and/or their wrappers．
A.all damages incurred during the carriage by sea to
B.all possible damages to and/or losses of
C.physical pre-shipment damages to
D.pre-shipment damages to
The proper topic of this paragraph is ________．A.The Principles for Clausing on Bills of Lading
B.Losses of and Damages to Steel Cargoes
C.Legal Actions to Be Taken When Losses of and Damages to Cargoes Incurred
D.The Functions of Clauses Made on Bills of Lading
The pre-shipment rusts for which there are assertions made by cargo interests that they are normal and would not affect the cargo's market value shall ________．A.be claused on the Bill of Lading
B.not be claused on the Bill of Lading
C.be disregarded
D.not be disregarded
This paragraph is most likely compiled to protect the interests of ________．A.the carriers
B.the shippers
C.the merchants
D.the cargo owners
A、calculate
B、decide
C、prove
D、be familiar
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