题目内容
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A、non-associative learning
B、associative learning
C、classic conditioned reflex
D、operant conditioned reflex
E、reinforcement
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更多“Habituation is”相关的问题
A、associative learning
B、non-associative learning
C、classic conditioned reflex
D、operant conditioned reflex
E、reinforcement
Some experimental evidence tends to show that alcohol reduces fear in an approach - avoidance Situation. Conger trained one group rats to approach a food goal and, using aversive conditioning, trained another group to avoid electric shock. After an injection of alcohol the pull away from the shock was measurably weaker, while the pull toward food was unchanged.
The obvious troubles experienced by alcoholic persons appear to contradict the learning theory in the explanation of alcoholism. The discomfort, pain, and punishment they experience should presumably serve as a deterrent to drinking. The fact that alcoholic persons continue to drink in the face of family discord, loss of employment, illness, and other sequels of repeated bouts is explained by the proximity of the drive reduction to the consumption of alcohol; that is, alcohol has the immediate effect of reducing tension while the unpleasant consequences of drunken behavior. come only later, Tile learning paradigm, therefore, favors the establishment and repetition of the resort to alcohol.
In fact, the anxieties and feelings of guilt induced by the consequences of excessive alcohol ingestion may themselves become the signal for another bout of alcohol abuse. The way in which the cue for another bout could be the anxiety itself is explained by the process of stimulus generalization: Conditions or events occurring at the time of reinforcement tend to acquire the characteristics of stimuli. When alcohol is consumed in association with a state of anxiety or fear, the emotional state itself takes on the properties of a stimulus, thus triggering another drinking bout.
The role of punishment is becoming increasingly important in formulating a cause of alcoholism based on the principles of learning theory. While punishment may serve to suppress a response, experiments have shown that in some. cases it can serve as a reward and reinforce the behavior. Thus if the alcoholic person has learned to drink under conditions of both reward and punishment, either type of condition may precipitate renewed drinking.
Ample experimental evidence supports the hypothesis that excessive alcohol consumption can be learned. By gradually increasing the concentration of alcohol in &inking water, psychologists have been able to induce the ingestion of larger amounts of alcohol by an animal than would be normally consumed. Other re- searchers have been able to achieve similar results by varying the schedule of reinforcement; that is, by requiring the animal to consume larger and larger amounts of the alcohol solutions before rewarding it. in this manner, animals learn to drink enough to become dependent on alcohol in terms of demonstrating withdrawal symptoms.
The author maintains that habituation to excessive alcohol consumption can be learned.The method employed to do so, experimentally, which used reinforcement is ______.
A．the introduction of alcohol into the bloodstream by infection
B．the increase of the concentration of alcohol in the subject's drinking water
C．the use of anxiety in an avoidance - approach pattern
D．increasing the amount of alcohol the subject must drink each time before giving it a reward
Within explicit, or declarative memory, on the other hand, there are specific subsystems that handle shapes, textures such as faces, names--even distinct systems to remember nouns vs. verbs. All of these different types of memory are ultimately stored in the brain' s cortex, within its deeply furrowed outer layer--a component of the brain dauntingly more complex than comparable parts in other species. Experts in brain imaging are only beginning to understand what goes where, and how the parts are reassembled into a coherent whole that seems to be a single memory is actually a complex construction. Think of a hammer, and your brain hurriedly retrieves the tool's name, its appearance, its function, its heft and the sound of its clang, each extracted from a different region of the brain. Fail to connect person ' s name with his or her face, and you experience the breakdown of that assembly process that many of us begin to experience in our 20s and that becomes downright worrisome when we reach our 5Os.
It was this weakening of memory and the parallel loss of ability to learn new things easily that led biologist Joe Tsien to the experiments reported last week. "This age-dependent loss of function." he says, "appears in many animals, and it begins with the onset of sexual maturity."
What' s happening when the brain forms memories--and what fails with aging, injury and disease--involves a phenomenon know as "plasticity". It's obvious that something in the brain changes as we learn and remember new things, but it' s equally obvious that the organ doesn ' t change its overall structure or grow new nerve cells wholesale. Instead, it' s the connections between new cells and particularly the strength of these connections that are altered by experience. Hear a word over and over, and the repeated firing of certain cells in a certain order makes it easier to repeat the firing pattern later on. It is the pattern that represents each specific memory.
Which of the following symptoms can be observed in a person who suffers from the Hunting ton' s disease？
A．He cannot remember what he has done but can remember trying to learn.
B．He cannot do something new but he can remember doing it.
C．He suffers from a bad memory and lack of motor skills.
D．He suffers from a poor basal ganglia and has intact explicit memory
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