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提问人：网友zhshjun0825 发布时间：2022-01-07
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SECTION 3Directions: Each passage in this group is followed by questions based on its cont

SECTION 3

Directions: Each passage in this group is followed by questions based on its content. After reading a passage, choose the best answer to each question. Answer all questions following a passage on the basis of what is stated or implied in the passage.

Electronic computer speeds are restricted not only by the speed of electrons

in matter but also by the escalating density of interconnections necessary to

connect the electronic gates on microchips. Electrical engineers and physicists

have been developing and augmenting the technologies of analog and digital

(5) optical computing, in which the information is primarily carried by photons

rather than by electrons. Optical computing could, in principle, generate much

higher computer speeds, but one of the problems it has encountered lies in

accuracy, for these devices have practical limits of 8 to 11 bits of accuracy in

basic operations. Recent research has evinced that digital partitioning

(10) algorithms in tandem with error-correction codes, can substantially enhance the

accuracy of optical computing operations. In the near term optical computers

will most likely be hybrid optical/electronic systems that preprocess input data

for computation and post-process output data via electronic circuits, but

nevertheless, the prospect of all-optical computing remains highly attractive.

According to the passage, which of the following is true concerning optical computers？

A．Researchers have not yet discovered a means of transporting photons more efficiently.

B．Their primary limitation is the density of connections required between electronic microchip gates.

C．Their accuracy level is poor at 8 to 11 bits, but still superior to that Of electronic computers.

D．They invariably rely on electronic circuits to preprocess input data for computation.

E．Both analog and digital forms of optic computing are presently being developed by scientists.

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更多“SECTION 3Directions: Each passage in this group is followed by questions based on its cont”相关的问题
第1题
SECTION 3Directions: Each passage in this group is followed by questions based on its cont

SECTION 3

Directions: Each passage in this group is followed by questions based on its content. After reading a passage, choose the best answer to each question. Answer all questions following a passage on the basis of what is stated or implied in the passage.

Researchers have noted that ants arrange their dead using the same

principles thought to produce the markings on animal skin and on tropical sea

shells, a first clear example of so-called Turing patterns in higher organisms.

Line Turing argued that activation occurs through a feedback process that amplifies

(5) small variations in the concentration of one of the ingredients, while inhibition

causes a concentration of activity to suppress the appearance of similar

concentrations nearby. Ant graveyards are an example of a self-amplifying

activation process: ants are more likely to drop a corpse on a pile than

elsewhere, and because collecting bodies and adding them to a pile sweeps the

(10) surrounding space clear, new cemeteries are inhibited from appearing in the

vicinity of existing ones. While activator-inhibitor mechanisms have previously

been proposed to explain how predators and prey distribute themselves across an

ecosystem, it is the first time such a system has conclusively proven that

Turing's process operates at the level of colonies and ecosystems.

The main idea of the passage is that

A．explanations of the process by which higher organisms explain themselves have remained elusive until now

B．self-amplifying activation processes may one day explain most natural processes

C．scientists have discovered the first proof of Turing patterns to higher organism communities

D．explanations of how organisms organize themselves into patterns are no longer so elusive as they once were

E．activation processes are essential to the survival of many ant species

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第2题
SECTION 3Directions: Each passage in this group is followed by questions based on its cont

SECTION 3

Directions: Each passage in this group is followed by questions based on its content. After reading a passage, choose the best answer to each question. Answer all questions following a passage on the basis of what is stated or implied in the passage.

Scientists have long sought the reasons for the relatively young age of the

majority of Martian meteorites discovered on Earth in comparison with the age

of Mars, an enigma exarcebated by the fact that the Martian rocks were ejected

Line by only six or seven separate impact events. Previous tests had predicted that

(5) driving meteorites to Earth would require a collision with an asteroid immense

enough to make a crater 12-kilometers across, but because such huge impacts

are extremely infrequent, it was unlikely that enough of them could have

occurred to explain our planet's Martian meteorite collection.

Now astronomer James Head's higher-resolution models demonstrate that

(10) collisions making craters only three kilometers across can jettison 10 million

fragments, each about 10 centimeters across, into space, a distribution

sufficient to cause some of them to be found on Earth. Sections of the planet

covered by debris (thus likely to be made up of older terrain) would require

larger and hence rarer impacts, and thus meteorites which reach Earth are

(15) predictably biased toward younger ages.

The passage is primarily concerned with

A．presenting an argument to support a particular hypothesis

B．suggesting an answer to a theoretical question

C．questioning the assumptions of a research project

D．criticizing experimental results

E．explaining the origin of certain scientific data

点击查看答案
第3题
SECTION 3Directions: Each passage in this group is followed by questions based on its cont

SECTION 3

Directions: Each passage in this group is followed by questions based on its content. After reading a passage, choose the best answer to each question. Answer all questions following a passage on the basis of what is stated or implied in the passage.

Feminist critics have often pondered whether a postmodern language may

be articulated that obviates the essentialist arrogance of much modernist and

some feminist discourse and does not reduce feminism to silences or a purely

Line negative and reactionary stance. This ideal may be actualized in a discourse that

(5) recognizes itself as historically situated, as motivated by values and, thus,

political interests, and as a human practice without transcendent justification.

The author Dorothy Allison meets these criteria by focusing on women who have

been marginalized by totalizing forces and ideas, while simultaneously

reminding the reader, through the wide range of women that she portrays and

(10) their culpability in her protagonists' predicaments, that unlike pure and

transcendent heroes, women are real characters and morally complex. Allison

insists that humans are burdened with the responsibility of fashioning their own

stories, quotidian as they may be, and while these will never offer the solace of

transcendent justification, the constant negotiation between the word and the

(15) world avoids reticence on the one hand and the purely negative on the other.

It can be inferred from the passage that the author views the transcendent justification through literature as a concept that

A．derives from a negative stance toward feminism

B．predates the birth of postmodernism as a literary movement

C．encourages writers to tell humdrum stories

D．limits the construction of morally complex characters

E．contributes to the politicization and historical orientation of texts

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第4题
SECTION 3Directions: Each passage in this group is followed by questions based on its cont

SECTION 3

Directions: Each passage in this group is followed by questions based on its content. After reading a passage, choose the best answer to each question. Answer all questions following a passage on the basis of what is stated or implied in the passage.

While chemists try to assemble molecules using a combination of theoretical

principles and practical experience to mold molecules that have desired

structural and chemical properties, nanotechonologists generally seek to make

Line more than a single molecule. They build arrays of identical or complexed

(5) molecules, sometimes on a scale that will transcend the boundaries of the

microscopic and approach the macroscopic, using both top-down and bottom-up

approaches. The first is exemplified by scientists who build objects and

molecular arrays using the techniques of scanning probe microscopy, while the

second is exemplified by investigators who design two-and three-dimensional

(10) chemical systems that cohere according to the rules of chemical interactions.

The top-down approach has exquisite precision, but its disadvantage is its lack

of extensive parallelism; it requires manipulating atoms and molecules

practically one by one, while the bottom-up approach is massively parallel. But

in both cases, scientists are forced to use the difficult nanometer scale, i.e. the

(15) level at which living systems tend to make their structural components, rather

than the angstrom scale of chemistry.

The primary purpose of the passage is to

A．indicate some possible technological benefits to the development of new and varied techniques in nanotechnology

B．argue that science involving the macroscopic tends to be exponentially more difficult than the science of the microscopic

C．defend the use of the bottom-up approach of building molecules as more efficient relative to the top-down approach

D．distinguish two different approaches in nanotechnology and comment on their differences and similarities

E．correct the misconception that the benefits of nanotechnology are likely to be seen in the near future

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第5题
SECTION 3Directions: Each passage in this group is followed by questions based on its cont

SECTION 3

Directions: Each passage in this group is followed by questions based on its content. After reading a passage, choose the best answer to each question. Answer all questions following a passage on the basis of what is stated or implied in the passage.

Scientists have long sought the reasons for the relatively young age of the

majority of Martian meteorites discovered on Earth in comparison with the age

of Mars, an enigma exacerbated by the fact that the Martian rocks were ejected

by only six or seven separate impact events. Previous tests had predicted that

(5) driving meteorites to Earth would require a collision with an asteroid immense

enough to make a crater 12-kilometers across, but because such huge impacts

are extremely infrequent, it was unlikely that enough of them could have

occurred to explain our planet's Martian meteorite collection.

Now astronomer James Head's higher-resolution models demonstrate that

(10) collisions making craters only three kilometers across can jettison 10 million

fragments, each about 10 centimeters across, into space, a distribution

sufficient to cause some of them to be found on Earth. Sections of the planet

covered by debris (thus likely to be made up of older terrain) would require

larger and hence rarer impacts, and thus meteorites which reach Earth are

(15) predictably biased toward younger ages.

The passage is primarily concerned with

A．presenting an argument to support a particular hypothesis

B．suggesting an answer to a theoretical question

C．questioning the assumptions of a research project

D．criticizing experimental results

E．explaining the origin of certain scientific data

点击查看答案
第6题
SECTION 3Directions: Each passage in this group is followed by questions based on its cont

SECTION 3

Directions: Each passage in this group is followed by questions based on its content. After reading a passage, choose the best answer to each question. Answer all questions following a passage on the basis of what is stated or implied in the passage.

Behavioral psychologists apprehend that conditioned fear responses to a

tone previously paired with a shock diminish, if the tone is repeatedly presented

without the shock, a process known as extinction. Since Pavlov it has been

Line hypothesized that this extinction does not erase conditioning, but forms a new

(5) memory. Research has now demonstrated that destruction of the infralimbic

cortice blocks recall of fear extinction, indicating that it might store long-term

extinction memory. Infralimbic neurons recorded during fear conditioning and

extinction fire to the tone only when rats are recalling extinction on the

following day, and rats indicating the least fear responses also demonstrate the

(10) greatest increase in infralimbic tone responses. Conditioned tones paired with

brief electrical stimulation of infralimbic cortex elicit low fear responses in rats

that have not undergone extinction. Thus, stimulation resembling extinction-

induced infralimbic tone responses is able to simulate extinction memory.

According to the passage, behavioral psychologists studying the extinction process have discerned which of the following？

A．The exact length of time required for a fear response to become extinct in a human subject

B．The effect of tone conditioning in comparison with other forms of stimuli

C．The possible effects of surgical operations on the infralimbic cortice

D．The potential of tone conditioning in treating undesirable fear responses

E．The limits of Pavlov's contribution to modern behavioral psychology

点击查看答案
第7题
SECTION 3Directions: Each passage in this group is followed by questions based on its cont

SECTION 3

Directions: Each passage in this group is followed by questions based on its content. After reading a passage, choose the best answer to each question. Answer all questions following a passage on the basis of what is stated or implied in the passage.

Comets are now known to contain twice as many atoms of deuterium to

each atom of ordinary hydrogen found in seawater. Scientists have also

discovered that meteorites could not solely have delivered the water in the

Line ocean, for then the earth's atmosphere would contain nearly 10 times as much

(5) xenon as it actually does, given that meteorites carry excess xenon. Hence, the

best model for the source of the oceans at the moment is a combination of water

derived from comets and water caught up in the rocky body of the earth as it

formed. This mixture satisfies both the xenon and deuterium problem, the

latter especially if the rocky material out near the earth's present orbit

(10) collected some regularly composed local water from the solar nebula before they

accreted to form. the earth. New laboratory studies have indicated that the

water vapor in the solar nebula would have had a low enough proportion of

deuterium to complement the excess deuterium found in comets.

The passage is chiefly concerned with

A．explaining the process by which the Earth and its oceans accreted

B．reporting how recent research has arrived at a new explanation for the constitution of the Earth's oceans

C．accounting for the chemical composition of the various ingredients of the Earth's oceans

D．contrasting various competing hypotheses as to what the Earth's oceans consist of

E．reporting inconsistencies with the result of new research into the composition of the Earth's oceans

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