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提问人：网友zhangying 发布时间：2022-01-07

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How can science be encouraged to flourish and grow？ How can the results of science be used

to the best purpose for the benefit of humanity？ 71. It was to find the answers to these question% which are not merely academic but practical ones, that this whole inquiry into the place of science in society was undertaken. It can be justified only in so far as it helps to find them.

The way to answer the first question is to find the best conditions, external and internal, which have in the past helped the progress of science and to anticipate the changed needs of the present and future. The answer to the second question, which depends on the first, is set out towards the end of this chapter. Some of the external conditions for the flourishing of science in the past have already been discussed. 72. In essence they are provided only in periods of social and economic advance, when science is given social importance and material means and is continually stimulated to new activity by problems presented to it from the economic and social spheres.

73. Now these problems have been essentially, as we have seen, those that touched the interests of the ruling class of the time, whether real, like navigation, or imaginary, like astrology. The opportunity and the honor given to the practitioners of science at any time are a measure of the degree to which they serve at these interests. They are greatest in periods of active advance, because then the people who are occupied with science are closely in touch with the main economic interests, and are often drawn from the directing classes themselves or are brought into their counsels because of their abilities. We have had many examples in these pages such as: Archimedes, Grosseteste, Leonardo, Galileo, Boyle, Davy, Pasteur, Kelvin.

(71)

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更多“How can science be encouraged to flourish and grow？ How can the results of science be used”相关的问题

第1题

听力原文：How can I get to the Science Museum？（4)A．Take No. 232 bus.B．You can go there.C．It

听力原文：How can I get to the Science Museum？

(4)

A．Take No. 232 bus.

B．You can go there.

C．It's a long way to go.

D．It doesn't matter.

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第2题

How do literature and science differ from each other？

A、Literature does not offer exactitude at all.

B、Science can not provide insights on life as literature can.

C、Science does not aim to improve the quality of our life.

D、Literature can provide a flexible lifestyle for you.

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第3题

In science the meaning of the word "explain" suffers with civilization's every step in sea

rch of reality. Science can not really explain electricity, magnetism, and gravitation; their effects can be measured and predicted, but of their nature no more is known to the modem scientist than to Thales who first speculated on the electrification of amber. Most contemporary physicists reject the notion that man can ever discover what these mysterious forces "really" are. Electricity, Bertrand Russell says, "is not a thing, like St. Paul's Cathedral; it is a way in which things behave. When we have told how things behave, when they are electrified, we have told all there is to tell." Until recently scientists would have disapproved of such an idea. Aristotle, for example, whose natural science dominated Western thought for two thousand years, believed that man could arrive at an understanding of reality by reasoning from self-evident principles. He felt, for example, that it is a self-evident principle that everything in the universe has its proper place, hence one can conclude that objects fall to the ground because that is where they belong, and smoking goes up because that is where it belongs. The goal of Aristotelian science was to explain why things happen. Modem science was born when Galileo began trying to explain how things happen and thus originated the method of con- trolled experiment which now forms the basis of scientific investigation.

The aim of controlled scientific experiments is ______.

A．to explain why things happen

B．to explain how things happen

C．to describe self-evident principles

D．to support Aristotelian science

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第4题

A．Science fiction writers can foretell things.B．Science develops as fast as is predict

A．Science fiction writers can foretell things.

B．Science develops as fast as is predicted by writers.

C．Science develops faster than writers can imagine.

D．Science fiction writers can see how science is going.

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第5题

We live in a society which there is a lot of 【1】______talk about science, but I would say

We live in a society which there is a lot of 【1】______

talk about science, but I would say that there are

not 5 percent of the people who are equipped with

schooling, including college, to understand scientific

reasoning. We are more ignorant of science as people 【2】______

with comparable education in Western Europe.

There are a lot of kids who know everything

about computers -- how to build them, how to take

them apart, and how to write programs for games. So 【3】______

if you ask them to explain about the principles of 【4】______

physics that have gone into creating the computer,

you don't have the faintest idea. 【5】______

The failure to understand science leads to

such things like the neglect of human creative power. 【6】______

It also takes rise to blurring of the distinction between【7】______

science and technology. Lots of people don't differ 【8】______

between the two. Science is the production of new

knowledge that can be applied or not, and technology

is the application of knowledge to the production of

some products, machinery or the like. The two are

really very different, and people who have the faculty

for one very seldom have a faculty for the others. 【9】______

Science in itself is harmless, more or less. But

as soon as it can provide technology, it is not

necessarily harmful. No society has yet learned to 【10】______

forecast the consequences of new technology, which

can be enormous.

【M1】

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第6题

In science the meaning of the word "explain" suffers with civilization's every step in sea

rch of reality. Science can not really explain electricity, magnetism, and gravitation; their effects can be measured and predicted, but of their nature no more is known to the modem scientist than to Thales who first speculated on the electrification of amber. Most contemporary physicists reject the notion that man can ever discover what these mysterious forces "really" are. Electricity, Bertrand Russell says, "is not a thing, like St. Paul's Cathedral; it is a way in which things behave."

When we have told how things behave when they are electrified, we have told all there is to tell. Until recently scientists would have disapproved of such an idea. Aristotle, for example, whose natural science dominated Western thought for two thousand years, believed that man could arrive at an understanding of 'reality by reasoning from self-evident principles. He felt, for example, that it is a self-evident principle that everything in the universe has its proper place, hence one can conclude that objects fall to the ground because that is where they belong, and smoking goes up because that is where it belongs. The goal of Aristotelian science was to explain why things happen. Modern science was born when Galileo began trying to explain how things happen and thus originated the method of controlled experiment which now forms the basis of scientific investigation.

The aim of controlled scientific experiments is ______.

A．to explain why things happen

B．to explain how things happen

C．to describe self-evident principles

D．to support Aristotelian science

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第7题

A famous modem philosopher has said, "Science begins in wonder and ends in wonder." Can yo

u figure out what he means？ He was saying that scientists begin a study by wondering how, or why, something happens. The study ends with scientists wondering how to approach the new problems revealed by their discoveries.

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第8题

We live in a society which there is a lot of talk about S1.______

science, but I would say that there are not 5 percent of the

people who are equipped of schooling, including college, to S2.______

understand scientific reasoning. We are more ignorant of

science as people with comparable education in Western Europe. S3.______

There are a lot of kids who know everything about

computers—how to build them, how to take them apart,

and how to write programs for games.

So if you ask them to explain the principles of physics S4.______

that have gone into creating the computer, you don't have S5.______

the faintest idea. The failure to understand science leads to

such things like the neglect of human creative power. It al- S6.______

so takes rise to blurring of the distinction between science S7.______

and technology. Lots of people don't distinguish from the two. S8.______

Science is the production of new knowledge that can be

applied or not, and technology is the application of knowledge

to the production of some products, machinery or the like.

The two are really very different, and people who have the

faculty for one very seldom have a faculty for another. S9.______

Science in itself is harmless, more or less. But as

soon as it can provide technology, it is net necessarily S10.______

harmful. No society has yet learned to forecast the consequences

of new technology, which can be enormous.

【S1】

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第9题

How will the present-day science develop in the near future, i.e. the next decade or so？To

How will the present-day science develop in the near future, i.e. the next decade or so？

To【36】with, we can expect【37】science to produce a vast increase in entirely new products of all【38】.These will range from light-weight, high-strength materials for【39】in the many specialized branches of engineering,【40】drugs and chemicals with a greatly-increased selectivity 【41】can be used in medicine and agriculture. However, in this【42】case in particular, it may be predicted【43】the wide-spread application and combination of new and more complex products will give【44】to unexpected inter-reactions or side-effects. For this reason, greatly intensified programs of research will be required in【45】to discover and eliminate the harmful results of such combination.

(36)

A．talk

B．begin

C．introduce

D．research

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第10题

We live in a society which there is a lot of talk about science, but I would say ____1__

___ that there are not 5 percent of the people who are equipped with school, including college, to understand scientific reasoning. We are more ignorant of science as people___2___ with comparable education in Western Europe.

There are a lot of kids who know everything about computers—how to build them, how to take them apart, and how to write programs for games. So if you ask _____3_____ them to explain about the principles of physics that have gone into creating the _____4_____ computer, you don？t have faintest idea. _____5_____

The failure to understand science leads to such things like the neglect of human _____6_____ creative power. It also takes rise to blurring of the distinction between ____7____science and technology. Lots of people don？t differ between the two. Science ____8____ new knowledge that can be applied or not, and technology is the application of is the production of knowledge to the production of some products, machinery or the like. The two are really different, and people who have the faculty for one very seldom have a faculty for the others. _____9_____

Science in itself is harmless, more or less. But as soon as it can provide technology, it？s not necessarily harmful. No society has yet learned to forecast the ___10_____ consequences of new technology, which can be enormous.

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第11题

It is hard to predict how science is going to turn out, and if it is really good science i

t is impossible to predict. If the things to be found are actually new, they are by definition unknown in advance. You cannot make choices in this matter. You either have science or you don't, and if you have it you are obliged to accept the surprising and disturbing pieces of information, along with the neat and promptly useful bits.

The only solid piece of scientific truth about which I feel totally confident is that we are profoundly ignorant about nature. I regard this as the major discovery of the past hundred years of biology. It is, in its way, an illuminating piece of news. It would have amazed the brightest minds of the 18th century Enlightenment to be told by any of us how little we know and how bewildering seems the way ahead. It is this sudden confrontation with the depth and scope of ignorance that represents the most significant contribution of the 20th century science to the human intellect. In earlier times, we either pretended to understand how things worked or ignored the problem, or simply made up stories to fill the gaps. Now that we have begun exploring in earnest, we are getting glimpses of how huge the questions are, and how far they are from being answered. Because of this, we are depressed. It is not so bad being ignorant if you are totally ignorant; the hard thing is knowing in some detail the reality of ignorance, the worst spots and here and there the not-so-bad spots, but no true light at the end of the tunnel nor even any tunnels that can yet be trusted.

But we are making a beginning, and there ought to be some satisfaction. There are probably no questions we can think up that can't be answered, sooner or later, including even the matter of consciousness; to be sure, there may well be questions we can't think up, ever, and therefore limits to the reach of human intellect, but that is another matter. Within our limits, we should be able to work our way through to all our answers, if we keep at it long enough, and pay attention.

The author claims that good science ______.

A．defies prediction

B．should study the unknown

C．should discover scientific truth

D．should offer choices rather than prescribe

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