Humans are unique in the extent to which they can ...

第1题

We humans are ______, but we’re not as different as we used to think.

A.different

B.notable

C.unique

D.speical

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第2题

Language is unique to humans so when we say “bird language” we are using the word metaphorically.

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第3题

Paragraph 2 tells us that the pursuit of happiness（）

A．sets humans apart from animals

B．is associated with selfish behavior

C．means to give up what one has

D．is unique to human beings

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第4题

In what sense are humans the ultimate invasive species？A.They are much greedier than other

In what sense are humans the ultimate invasive species？

A.They are much greedier than other species

B.They are a unique species born to conquer

C.They force other species out of their territories

D.They have an urge to expand their living space

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第5题

Section BDirections: In this section, you will hear 3 short passages. At the end of each p

Section B

Directions: In this section, you will hear 3 short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C and D.

听力原文： Biologists insist that we humans share a common ancestry with all animals, and that humans are simply one very special animal which has evolved physical and cultural behavior. that makes humans unique 'as the dominant animal on the Earth.

Do you know that humans and apes have a genetic structure, in their DNA hereditary material which is more than 98% the same？ This should not be misunderstood as a negative comment about humans, but as a positive comment a bout the other animals with which we share our world. Even simpler animals have many of the same genetic sequences of DNA, which permit them to carry on many of the same chemical activities in their body cells as we humans do. The process of energy production in human—technically called respiration—is nearly identical to that of tigers and birds!

Do animals have a culture？ Yes, even scholars in the social sciences now insist that animals do have cultures, each type of animal having its unique cultural characteristics.

As part of their culture, we now recognize that some animals make and use tools, some animals can clearly share knowledge with one another, and some animals have some sort of language with which they can communicate. While these animal cultures have their limitation, it is possible to share our cultures with one another, and this has been done for many centuries. From the time that primitive man domesticated animals we have shared cultures with these animals. Sharing common resources as well as in related behavior, man is not alone in his environment.

(27)

A．Special ancestry and genetic structures

B．Physical and cultural behaviors

C．Mental and physical movements

D．Mental behaviors and genetic structures

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第6题

听力原文：It's not known exactly bow or why humans domesticated the first dogs. But once ta

听力原文： It's not known exactly bow or why humans domesticated the first dogs. But once tamed, people found them useful and they learned how to selectively breed for certain traits to create animals fit for specific task. Most likely, the first dogs were used for hunting and protection. Some were bred to chase down prey, others to herd livestock. Today's most popular breed, the Labrador, was originally bred by fishermen to haul nets and retrieve fish. But at some point, humans also started to breed dogs for looks and for companionship. Brian has wondered why of all domesticated animals, dogs seem closest to their owners.

Somehow during the long relationship together, dogs learn how to communicate with humans. And they pass the skill down to each succeeding generation. It turns out puppies can understand human gestures even if they've been raised in the wild, while wolves raised in captivity just don't get it. It's a unique skill that perhaps only dogs possess.

What special tasks were not the first dogs bred for？

A．Hunting and protection.

B．Chasing prey.

C．Herding livestock.

D．Keeping accompany.

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第7题

Humans are unique in the extent to which they can reflect on themselves and others. Humans

are able to (21) , to think in abstract terms, to reflect on the future. A meaningless, (22) world is an insecure world. We do not like extensive insecurity. When it (23) to human behavior. we infer meaning and (24) to make the behavior. understandable.

(25) all this means is that people develop "quasi theories" of human behavior, that is, theories that are not developed in a (an) (26) , scientific manner. When doing so, people believe they know (27) humans do the things they do.

Let's consider an example. In the United States people have been (28) with the increasing amount of crime for several years. The extent of crime bothers us; we ourselves could be victims. But it (29) bothers us that people behave in such ways. Why can such things happen？ We develop quasi theories. We (30) concerned about the high crime rate, but we now believe we (31) it: our criminal justice system is (32) ; people have grown selfish and inconsiderate as our moral values weaken (33) the influence of liberal ideas; too many people are (34) drugs. These explanations suggest possible solutions. (35) the courts; put more people in jail as examples to other lawbreaker. There is now hope that the problem of crime can be solved if only we (36) these solutions. Again, the world is no longer meaningless nor (37) so threatening. These quasi theories (38) serve a very important function for us. But how accurate are they？ How (39) will the suggested solutions be？ These questions must be answered with (40) to how people normally go about developing or attaining their quasi theories of human behavior.

A．reason

B．consider

C．understand

D．regard

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第8题

When we speak of "symbolic process" in the brain or in the mind, we are referring to our a

bility to【C1】______elements of our experience and to【C2】______them with distinct mental symbols. Other species certainly possess【C3】______in some sense, but as far as we know, they live in the world simply【C4】______it presents itself to them.【C5】______, for them the environment seems very much like a continuum, rather than a place, like ours, that is【C6】______into the huge number of separate elements【C7】______which we humans give individual names. By separating out its elements in this way, human beings are able constantly to re-create the world, and individual aspects of it, in their mind. And【C8】______makes this possible is the ability to form. and to【C9】______mental symbols that correspond to elements we【C10】______in the world within and【C11】______ourselves. Members of other species often display high【C12】______of intuitive reasoning, reacting to stimuli front the environment in quite complicated ways,【C13】______.... only humans are able arbitrarily to【C14】______and recombine mental symbols and to ask themselves questions such as ."What if". And it is the ability to do this,【C15】______everything else, that forms the foundation of our boasted creativity.

Of course,【C16】______reasoning still remains a fundamental【C17】______of our mental processes; what we have done is to add the capacity for symbolic manipulation【C18】______this basic ability. An intuitive appreciation of the relationships among【C19】______and ideas is, for example, almost certainly as large a force in basic scientific creativity【C20】______is symbolic representation; but in the end it is the unique of the two that makes science--or art, or technology— possible.

【C1】

A．absorb

B．extract

C．abstract

D．digest

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第9题

Language acquisition is one of the central topics in cognitive science. Every theory of

cognition has tried to explain it. Possessing a language is the quintessentially human trait: all common humans speak, no nonhuman ani-【M1】______ mal does. Language is main vehicle by which we know about other peoples【M2】______ thoughts, and the two must be intimately related. Every time we speak we are revealing something about language, because the facts of language【M3】______ structure are easy to come by: these data hints at a system of extraordinary【M4】______ complexity. Nonetheless, learning a first language is something every child does successfully, as a matter of a few years and without the need for formal【M5】______ lessons. With language so close to the core of what it means to be human, it is not surprising that childrens acquisition of language has received so much attention. A relating question is whether language is unique to humans. At first【M6】______ glance the answer seems obvious. Other all animals communicate with a fixed【M7】______ repertoire of symbols, or with analogue variation like the mercury in a thermometer. But nothing appears to have the combinatorial rule system of【M8】______ human language, in which symbols are changed into an unlimited set of combinations, each with a determinate meaning. On the other hand, many other claims about human uniqueness, such like that humans were the only animals【M9】______ to use tools or to fabricate them, have turned into to be false.【M10】______

【M1】

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第10题

根据下列短文，回答下列各题。 The unique human habit of taking in and employing animals--ev

en competitors like wolves--spurred on human tool-making and language, which have both driven humanitys success, Pat Shipman says, paleoanthropologist of Penn State University. "Wherever you go in the world, whatever ecosystem (生态系统), whatever culture, people live with animals," Shipman said. For early humans, taking in and caring for animals would seem like a poor strategy for survival. "On the face of it, you are wasting your resources. So this is a very weird behavior," Shipman said. But its not so weird in the context something else humans were doing about 2.6 million years ago: switching from a mostly vegetarian diet to one rich in meat. This happened because humans invented stone hunting tools that enabled them to compete with other top predators. Quite a rapid and bizarre switch for any animal. So we invented the equipment, learned how to track and kill, and eventually took in animals who also knew how to hunt--like wolves and other canines. Others, like goats, cows and horses, provided milk, hair and, finally, hides and meat. Managing all of these animals--or just tracking them--requires technology, knowledge and ways to preserve and convey information. So languages had to develop and evolve to meet the challenges. Tracking game has even been argued to be the origin of scientific inquiry, said Peter Richerson, professor emeritus (名誉退休的) in the Department of Environmental Science and Policy at the University of California, Davis. One of the signs that this happened is in petroglyphs (史前岩画) and other rock art left by ancient peoples. At first they were abstract, geometric patterns that are impossible to decipher (破译). Then they converge on one subject: animals. There have also been genetic changes in both humans and our animals. For the animals those changes developed because human bred them for specific traits, like a cow that gives more mill or a hen that lays more eggs. But this evolutionary influence works both ways. Dogs, for instance, might have been selectively taken in by humans who shared genes for more compassion, Those humans then prospered with the dogs help in hunting and securing their homes. What do we learn from the first paragraph about animals？

A.Animals have driven humanitys success.

B.Tool-making and language are uniquely human habits.

C.Employing wolves is uniquely human habit.

D.People live with animals everywhere.

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Humans are unique in the extent to which they can reflect on themselves and others.Humans