[A] normally[B] generally[C] virtually[D] necessarily
[A] normally
[B] generally
[C] virtually
[D] necessarily
[A] normally
[B] generally
[C] virtually
[D] necessarily
A、abnormally high levels of telomerase expression.
B、abnormally high levels of tumor-suppressor gene expression.
C、translocations that move a tumor-suppressor gene to a new location that increases its normal expression.
D、deletions that remove an oncogene from the genome.
E、DNA replication that is inhibited when it would normally occur.
A、gene on the X chromosome that is responsible for female development.
B、patch of cells that has a phenotype different from surrounding cells because of variable X inactivation.
C、inactivated X chromosome, visible in the nucleus of a cell that is normally from a female mammal.
D、extra X chromosome in a cell that is the result of nondisjunction.
E、extra Y chromosome in a cell that is the result of nondisjunction.
听力原文:M: Some people seem to need significantly less sleep than others.
W: Tell me about it. I have a friend who swears that she sleeps only five hours a night. She seems to have plenty of energy, and she's not confused and incompetent the way I am after several nights of only five hours of sleep. You know what really annoys me? Because she sleeps less, (23) she has more time to accomplish more in her days than I do. It's not fair.
M: I know what you mean. I've also heard scientists have discovered a gene in flies that determines how much rest the individual needs. Flies with a version of this gene are actually programmed to need less sleep than others. (24) And we humans possess a similar gene.
W: So the amount of sleep one needs seems to be genetically inherited?
M: Yes. And (25) families of flies with a lower sleep requirement don't seem to suffer any injuries in their performance of daily tasks. It may very well be that people who claim to need less sleep to operate normally are telling the truth.
W: That's depressing.
M: Well, you might be interested to know that flies programmed to sleep less tend to die earlier.
W: Really? So maybe I'll end up with the same hours of waking time as my friend after all. It'll just take me a few extra years of living to catch up with her!
M: Maybe.
(20)
A.She sleeps less than her friend.
B.She is confused and incompetent while working.
C.She is annoyed by energy.
D.Her friend can accomplish more tasks than her.
Part A
Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D . Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.
Cancer researchers are learning to read genes like a crystal ball to predict how patients will respond to cancer therapy, who will suffer the worst side effects and what treatments may be best for a particular patient. Foreseeing the outcome of treatment, and knowing with certainty which drugs are best for individual patients, have long been the goals of cancer researchers.
For at least 40 years, oncologists have puzzled over why some patients respond so well to chemotherapy while others obtain modest benefits or none at all. The discovery decades ago that linked a chromosome abnormality to one form. of leukemia paved the way for the development of the drug Gleevec 'by Druker and the ability to identify the patients most likely to benefit. More recently, with the wealth of knowledge from the Human Genome Project, researchers have been able to develop even more specific tools to create genetic profiles of tumors and match those profiles with the right drugs. The tools also help determine which patients are most likely to experience the worst side effects of specific types of chemotherapy and guide them to other treatments.
Researchers from the University of Chicago studied alterations of the UGT1A1 gene, associated with an increased chance of chemotherapy side effects. Mark Ratain and his team studied 61 colon cancer patients receiving irinotecan and learned that patients with 'alterations of the gene labeled as 7/7 were most likely to suffer severe losses of white blood cells. Patients with the 6/7 alteration type had intermediate side effects, and patients with the 6/6 type had none.
Scientists at the Massachusetts General Hospital examined genes that normally have the ability to repair damage to DNA in cells called XPD and XRCC1. The number of variations in these genes indicate how long a patient is likely to survive. Sarada Gurnbhagavatula and her team studied variations of these genes in 103 patients diagnosed with advanced non-small-cell lung canter. Patients with a total of three variations in the genes survived a median of 6.8 months; those with two variations survived 11 months; patients with one variation survived 16.6 months; and those with no variations survived 20.4 months. Gnrnhhagavatula says the variations could be identified and those with the worst predicted outcomes put on chemotherapy regimens that offer better odds of survival.
Scientists at Cedar-Sinai Medical Center and Genomic Health Inc. have developed a way to test lung tumors for genetic profiles associated with responses to the new lung cancer drug Iressa. The drug has been shown to shrink tumors in 10% to 12% of patients with advanced lung cancer. David Agus at Cedar-Sinai found a pattern of 185 genes that are turned off and on in a manner that correlates with response to Iressa or to a lack of response. When used commercially, the test will target patients most likely to benefit and will allow patients to make other choices if the negative profile is found.
The text is mainly about ______.
A.the search for effective cancer treatment drugs
B.the goals of cancer therapy
C.the success in reading genes
D.the advances in cancer treatment
第三篇 Be Alert to Antimicrobial(抗微生物的)Resistance
The ability ofmicro-organisms to find ways to avoid the action of the drugs used to cure theinfec-tions they cause is increasingly recognized as a global public healthissue. Some bacteria have devel-oped mechanisms which make them resistant tomany of the antibiotics(抗生素) normally used for their treatment. They are known as multi-drugresistant bacteria, posing particular difficulties, as there may be few or noalternative options for therapy. They constitute a growing and global publichealth problem. WHO suggests that countries should be prepared to implementhospital infection con- trol measures to limit the spread of multi-drug resistant strains(菌株) and to reinforce national policy on prudent use ofantibiotics, reducing the generation of antibiotic resistant bacteria.
An article published in TheLancel Infectious Diseases on 11 August 2010 identified a new gene that enablessome types of bacteria to be highly resistant to almost all antibiotics. Thearticle has drawn attention to the issue of antimicrobial resistance, and, inparticular, has raised awareness of in- fections caused by multi-drug resistantbacteria.
While multi-drug resistantbacteria are not new and will continue to appear, this development re- quiresmonitoring and further study to understand the extent and modes oftransmission, and to define the most effective measures for control.
Those called upon to bealert to the problem of antimicrobial resistance and take appropriate ac- tioninclude consumers. managers of hospitals, patients, as well as nationalgovernments, the pharma-ceutical(制药的 ) industry and international agencies.
WHO strongly recommends thatgovernments focus control and prevention efforts in the follow- ing areas likesurveillance for antimicrobial resistance; rational antibiotic use, includingeducation of healthcare workers and the public in the appropriate use ofantibiotics; introducing or enforcing legis-lation related to stopping theselling of antibiotics without. prescription; and strict adherence to infec-tion prevention and control measures, including the use of hand-washingmeasures, particularly in healthcare facilities.
Successful control ofmultidrug-resistant microorganisms has been documented in many countries, andthe existing and well-known infection prevention and control measures can effectivelyreduce transmission of multi-drug resistant organisms if systematicallyimplemented.
WHO will continue tosupport countries to develop relevant policies, and to coordinate interna-tional efforts to combat antimicrobial resistance. Antimicrobial resistancewill be the theme of WHO's World Health Day 2011.
Antimicrobial resistance has become a global public health issue because
A.new antibiotics are too expensive for poor countries
B.infections caused by multi-drug resistant bacteria have killed a lot of people
C.scientists know nothing about multi-drug resistant bacteria
D.there may be few or no treatment to infections caused by multi-drug resistant bacteria
46XY性反转产生基因是
A.SRYboχ gene 3
B.SRY boχ gene 5
C.SRy boχ gene 6
D.SRy boχ gene 7
E.SRY boaχgene 9
A.tRNA gene
B.rRNA gene
C.mitochondria gene
D.hemoglobin gene
A.pseudo gene没有promoter
B.pseudo gene没有exon
C.pseudo gene两侧没有DR序列
D.pseudo gene和野生型基因3’端均有poly(A)
2. Consider A/a and B/b are two pair of independently assorting genes. When AaBb selfcross, the phenotype of the offspring is 9(A_B_) : 3(A_bb): 4(aaB_+aabb). There are six states about this inheritance. Which of them are correct? ① A and B interact each other in dominant epistasis. ② A and B interact each other in recessive epistasis. ③ Gene A is dominant epistasis on gene B/b. ④ Gene a is recessive epistasis on gene B/b. ⑤ Gene B is dominant epistasis on gene A/a. ⑥ Gene b is recessive epistasis on gene A/a.
A、① and ③
B、① and ⑤
C、② and ④
D、② and ⑥
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