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To define science we may simply call it ______.
A．the study of unrelated subjects
B．an attempt to explain natural phenomena
C．the study of unrelated fields
D．classified knowledge
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更多“To define science we may simply call it ______.A．the study of unrelated subjectsB．an attem”相关的问题
To define science we may simply call it ______.
A．classified knowledge
B．the study of unrelated fields
C．the study of unrelated subjects
D．an attempt to explain natural phenomena
To define science we may simply call it ______.
A．the study of unrelated fields
B．classified knowledge
C．the study of unrelated subjects
D．an attempt to explain natural phenomena
A．art is often romantic when it is opposed to science
B．art is often opposed to science when it is romantic
C．art can often be romantic when we clearly define it
D．science is often romantic when it is clearly defined
Section B
Directions: In this section, you will hear 3 short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C and D.
听力原文： When Thomas Khun was asked by the New York Times a few years ago whether he agreed that science is defined by its scientific method, Khun replied "I don't believe there is something specifiable as a scientific method that is not pretty much what common sense calls for in most cases." Dr. Joshua Lederberg, the Nobel Laureate who is president of Rockefeller University, continued this train of thought: "Scientists use methods we should recognize in daily life, but that we may not push to the ultimate." Khun concluded: "You're right. Science is more systematic. But its logical structure is very much the logical structure of common sense."
But what is considered to be common sense may vary. It is now common sense to think of a cold as the result of a virus; it used to be common sense to think a cold was the result of bad vapors. When people disagree over what is common sense, they usually argue over the meaning of words. For example, some think it is common sense for children to be punished if they disobey. But it is also considered common sense not to physically abuse children. What is common sense in this context depends upon how you define punishment and how you define abuse. Thus thinking about things in a common sense fashion requires making more precise terms to describe the things you are thinking about.
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A．They are beyond ordinary people.
B．They are similar to what can be seen in ordinary life.
C．They are illogical.
D．They are very systematic and very different from common sense.
A.with
B.to
C.as
At this point we raise the troublesome methodological question, "What is a fact？" While the word looks deceptively simple, it is not easy to distinguish a fact from a widely shared illusion. Suppose we define a fact as a descriptive Statement upon which all qualified observers are in agreement. By this definition, medieval ghosts were a fact, since all medieval observers agreed that ghosts were real. There is, therefore, no way to be sure that a fact is an accurate description and not a mistaken impression. Research would be easier if facts were dependable, unshakable certainties. Since they are not, the best we can do is to recognize that a fact is a descriptive statement of reality which scientists, after careful examination and cross-checking, agree in believing to be accurate.
Since science is based on verifiable evidence, science can deal only with questions about which verifiable evidence can be found. Questions like "Is there a God？" "What is the purpose and destiny of man？" or "What makes a thing beautiful？" are not scientific questions because they can not be treated factually. Such questions may be terribly important, but the scientific method has not tools for handling them. Scientists can study human beliefs about God, or man's destiny, or beauty, or anything else, and they may study the personal and social consequences of such beliefs; but these are studies of human behavior, with no attempt to settle the truth or error of the beliefs themselves.
Science then does not have answers for everything, and many important questions are not scientific questions. The scientific method is our most reliable source of factual knowledge about human behavior. and the natural universe, but science with its dependence upon verifiable factual evidence cannot answer questions about value, or esthetics, or purpose and ultimate meaning, or supernatural phenomena. Answers to such questions must be sought in philosophy, metaphysics, or religion.
Each scientific conclusion represents the most reasonable interpretation of all the available evidence—but new evidence may appear tomorrow. Therefore science has no absolute truths. An absolute truth is one which will hold true for all times, places, or circumstances. All scientific truth is tentative, subject to revision in the light of new evidence. Some scientific conclusions (e.g., that the earth is a spheroid; or that innate drives are culturally conditioned) are based upon such a large and consistent body of evidence that scientists doubt that they will ever be overturned by new evidence. Yet the scientific method requires that all conclusions be open to reexamination whenever new evidence is found to challenge them.
The central idea of the passage is
A．scientific knowledge is based on verifiable evidence.
B．science does not have answers for verifiable evidence.
C．science has no absolute truths.
D．the scientific method requires that all conclusions be open to reexamination whenever new evidence is found to challenge them.
7. Einstein and “God” The debate over Science and Religion is like catnip for anyone wanting to spout off about the improbability of God or the arrogance of scientists. The public seems to have an insatiable appetite for this debate. Many of the current debates in science and religion turn on how we define certain key words, like “God”, “transcendence”, and “religion”. A great deal also rides on how much of reality we think can be explained by another loaded word, “science.” Take the case of Albert Einstein. He died more than half a century ago, but there’s a huge debate right now between religious believers and atheists over who gets to claim Einstein, the most famous scientist of the last century. Einstein himself made a number of provocative and rather cryptic comments about religion. He called himself “a deeply religious nonbeliever.” He said, “Science without religion is lame; religion without science is blind.” Most famously, he proclaimed, “God does not play dice with the universe.” Who is this God that Einstein invoked？ Was he simply using the word “God” as a synonym for order and harmony in the universe？ I have asked a number of scientists, theologians, and Einstein scholars, and I’ve heard many different responses. “Einstein clearly was an atheist（无神论者）in the sense that he didn’t believe in a personal God,” Richard Dawkins says. “He used the word God as a metaphoric name for that which we don’t yet understand, for the deep mysteries of the universe.” The Nobel Prize-winning physicist and fellow atheist Steven Weinberg believes Einstein was just using poetic language when he talked about religion, which Weinsberg considers a mistake. “Clearly, what Einstein meant by God is so vague and so far from conventional religion, it seems to me a misuse of the word,” Weinsberg says. “The concept of God historically has had a fairly definite meaning. God was conscious. God was powerful. God was benevolent to some extent. If you’re not going to use God to mean something like that, then you shouldn’t use the word.” Walter Isaacson, Einstein’s biographer, has a very different perspective. He claims that Einstein was a deist（自然神论信仰者）who knew exactly what he was doing when he talked about “God” and “religion.” When he was asked whether he was just using the word symbolically, he said, no, he wasn’t,” Isaacson told me. “He talked about having a cosmic religion. He thought there was a spirit manifesting in the laws of the universe, and that was his notion of God.” 14. Which of the following Can Not replace the underlined word “metaphoric”？
A、Figurative.
B、Symbolic.
C、Metaphorical.
D、Historical.
Even in true sciences, distinguishing tact from fiction is not always easy. For this reason great care should be taken to distinguish between beliefs and truths. For example, hypotheses and theories are attempts to explain natural phenomena. From these positions scientists continue to experiment and observe until they are proved. The exact status of any explanation should be clearly labeled to avoid confusion.
The objectives of science are primarily the discovery and the subsequent understanding of the unknown. Man cannot be satisfied with recognizing that secrets exist in nature or that questions are unanswerable; he must solve them. Toward that end specialists in the field of biology and related fields of interest are directing much of their time and energy.
Actually, two basic approaches lead to the discovery of new information. One, aimed at satisfying curiosity, is referred to as pure science. The other is aimed at using knowledge for specific purposes such as improving health, or creating new consumer products. In this case knowledge is put to economic use. Such an approach is referred to as applied science.
Sometimes practical-minded people miss the point of pure science in thinking only of its immediate application for economic reward. Chemists responsible for discoveries could hardly anticipated that their findings would one day result in applications of such a practical nature as those directly related to life and death. The discovery of one bit of information opens the door to the discovery of another. However, one should remember that the construction of the microscope had to precede the discovery of the cell. Many scientists dedicating their lives to pure science are not apologetic about ignoring the practical side of their discoveries; they know from experience that most knowledge is eventually applied.
To define science, we can simply name it as ______.
A．the study of nature and mankind
B．an attempt to pose and prove hypotheses and theories
C．categorized knowledge
D．the study of unrelated natural phenomena
A dictionary may define genetics()simply”the science of the study of heredity”
A. with
B. to
C. As
听力原文： In order to diagnose and treat abnormal behavior, we have to start with clear definitions of what's meant by abnormal and normal. Criteria must be worked out for distinguishing one from the other in actual clinical cases. The word abnormal implies a deviation from some clearly defined norm. In the case of physical illness, the boundary lines between normality and pathology are often clearly delineated by medical science, making it easier to diagnose. On the psychological level, however, we have no ideal model to use as a base of comparison, nothing to help us distinguish mental health from mental disorder. The problem of defining abnormal behavior. via establishing just what is meant by normal behavior. has proved extremely difficult. However, as chapter 5 outlines, several criteria have been proposed. One norm described in detail in your text is personal adjustment. An individual who was able to deal with problems effectively without serious anxiety or unhappiness or more serious symptoms is said to be well adjusted. Personal adjustment as a norm has several serious limitations though. For example, it makes no reference to the individual's role in the group. How're we going to classify, for example, the a typical politician or businessperson who engages in unethical practices. Either might be a successful, happy, well-adjusted individual. Obviously, the welfare of the group, as well as that of the individual, must be considered, which brings me to the next approach.
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A．It is difficult to define
B．Its causes are often unknown
C．Psychologists disagree about how to treat
D．Its symptoms often go unnoticed
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