题目内容
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Japan is cited as an example of ______.
A．how to keep the internal market to Japanese companies
B．how to obtain technology from abroad
C．the success of multinational ownership
D．using licensing agreement as an effective way for obtaining technology
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For over a hundred years Japan has consistently spent large sums of money and considerable human resources in an effort to obtain technology. Her ability to negotiate has been strengthened by the fact that most of the technology she wanted was not very secret. Japan's position has also been strengthened by the fact that her internal market was large, so that access to this market could be offered to multinational companies as an incentive for them to grant licenses. Besides, Japan's work force was literate and disciplined, so it was capable of applying the information it acquired. Finally, American and European companies might take a large share of the world market if they were not limited by licensing agreements. Conditions Of this sort, coming together in one nation, may well be unique, and the case of Japan may therefore not actually demonstrate that licensing is just as efficient as multinational ownership for the transfer of technology.
In fact, Japan may be finding this method of operation less effective than in the past, as her needs for outside technology now require information which belongs to only a few companies and is more closely held.
Furthermore, her need to use the markets of other countries is beginning to weaken its negotiating power she once had because of her control of her access to her internal market.
Which of the following is NOT a reason for foreign companies to be willing to license the use of their technology？
A．The technology required by Japan is not very secret.
B．It might be easier for foreign companies which has transferred technology to Japan to enter the Japanese market.
C．Japan possesses high-quality workers.
D．Licensing help Japan in expanding into the world market.
For over a hundred years Japan has consistently spent large sums of money and considerable human resources in an effort to obtain technology. Her ability to negotiate has been strengthened by the fact that most of the technology she wanted was not very secret. Japan's position has also been strengthened by the fact that her internal market was large, so that access to this market could be offered to multinational companies as an incentive for them to grant licenses. Besides, Japan's work force was literate and disciplined, so it was capable of applying the information it acquired. Finally, American and European companies might take a large share of the world market if they were not limited by licensing agreements.
Conditions of this sort, coming together in one nation, may well be unique, and the case of Japan may therefore not actually demonstrate that licensing is just as efficient as multinational ownership for the transfer of technology. In fact, Japan may be finding this method of operation less effective than in the past, as her needs for outside technology now require information which belongs to only a few companies and is more closely held. Further- more, her need to use the markets of other countries is beginning to weaken its negotiating power she once had because of her control of her access to her internal market.
Which of the following is NOT a reason for foreign companies to be will ing to license the use of their technology？
A．The technology required by Japan is not secret.
B．It might be easier for foreign companies which has transferred tech nology to Japan to enter the Japanese market.
C．Japan possesses high-quality workers.
D．Licensing help Japan in expanding into the world market.
What has been done to maintain the competitive position of the United States as a major manufacturing nation？ Unfortunately, it would appear too little has been done. While spending about $150 billion per year on research and development — more than the U.K., France and lapan combined — the United States has not paid sufficient attention to manufacturing and technology transfer. The National Science Foundation spends only 13 percent of its budget on engineering and only 1.2 percent on manufacturing. In Germany, 30 percent of the research funding goes to engineering and 15 percent to manufacturing. The U. S. Department of Commerce has only five government-run technology centers while Japan has 170 government-run technology centers bringing new manufacturing techniques to business.
In terms of scientific research, the United States has done very well. About one third of the world's scientific papers are produced by the United States. The nearest competitors are the United Kingdom with 8.2 percent, Japan with 7.7 percent and the former Soviet Union with 7.6 percent. Almost 50 percent of all references cited in other scientific papers are American; the nearest competitors are all below 10 percent.
Some of the problems of American industry can be illustrated by a few examples:
The number of hours it takes to build an automobile in the United States has increased; in
Japan it has decreased (by 60 percent between the years 1970 and 1981 alone).
It now takes half as much time to assemble a Toyota as to assemble a General Motors automobile.
It took nine years for the United States to go from research to production of Numerically Controlled (NC) machine tools; in Japan it took only two years.
Typical Japanese machine tool accuracy and repeatability are better than that of equivalent U.S. machines.
The use of robots in the United States lags behind other industrialized nations:
Japan 550,000
Europe 69,000
Former Soviet Union 62,000
United States 37,000
The Japanese use five times more Flexible Manufacturing Systems (FMS) than the United States.
What would the author probably suggest in the section that follows this passage？
A．The U.S. should reduce the time needed to assemble an automobile.
B．Achievement of world class manufacturing is essential to the U. S..
C．The U.S. should take pride in her scientific research.
D．Japan is the leader in technology transfer.
The following are all cited as advantages of e-book EXCEPT______.
A．imaginative design
B．environmental friendliness
C．convenience for readers
D．multimodal content
A.It is cited to show GM foods can kill insects effectively.
B.It is cited to show GM foods contain more protein.
C.It is cited to show GM foods also have a dark side.
D.It is cited to show GM foods may harm crops.
A.True
B.False
C./
D./
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