Many small cultural groups live in places far away from mode..

第1题

TEXT D Many small cultural groups live in places far away from modern cities. Some of thes

TEXT D

Many small cultural groups live in places far away from modern cities. Some of these tribes have never had any communication outside of their small geographical areas. When they do contact the outside world, their lives usually change. Learning how to change without losing the best of their own cultures is a problem for them. How can primitive cultures learn to live in a technological world？ How can they do this without becoming lost？

One native tribe in New Guinea has a difficult situation. The people of the tribe are being pulled in two ways. First of all, copper, a bright orange-colored metal, has been discovered under the land where they have lived for centuries. Developers want to take the copper out of the ground, to mine it. The tribe needs the money that a copper mine would bring. The problem is that the copper is directly under the most important buildings of their society.

These buildings are a necessary part of their religion. How can the copper be mined without changing the group's religion？

The answer to this question has not yet been found. However, a group of people is trying to help the tribe to learn to communicate with the rest of the world. Cultural Survival, Inc. is the name of the group. The people are anthropologists, scientists who study cultures. They want to help small, separate societies live successfully within the larger society. Cultural Survival, Inc. wants to help these groups keep the idea of who they are and to teach them how to live in the modern world.

There is another organization like this in London. It is called Survival International. One in Copenhagen is called the International Workshop for Indigenous Affairs. These two groups have joined with Cultural Survival, Inc. , to help people become used to modern culture.

These organizations work with another kind of problem, too. Sometimes a central government does not consider the needs of local people. Often the rich people of a country will get more from a new project than the working people. The poorer people sometimes suffer even more because of these projects. One thoughtless government leader moved the people out of a very large area. He wanted to set up a special vegetable business. He wanted something to sell to earn money from other countries. About 50,000 people were forced off their native land. These people suffered a great loss because they had to leave their homes. Cultural Survival, Inc. helped them.

Cultural Survival, Inc. and its sister organizations also give advice about tourism. The tourism business can cause problems. Many small societies need to earn money, but a large group of visitors can hurt their culture. The Sherpas of Nepal are a good example. The beauty of the Himalayan Mountains brings many mountain climbers from all over the world.

However, the tourists leave tin cans and other garbage. What the tourists leave behind in this beautiful area is making a garbage dump. The mountain climbers are also cutting down trees for their fires. This area has few trees, and the Sherpas need the wood for their uses. The Sherpas, it is clear, could use the help of Cultural Survival, Incorporated.

Why are some small tribes isolated？

[A] They live far away from big cities.

[B] They lack communication with the outside world.

[C] They have their own set character.

[D] They have lost the best of their own cultures.

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第2题

Many small cultural groups live in places far away from modern cities. Some of these tribe

s have never had any communication outside of their small areas. When they do contact the outside world, their lives usually change. Learning how to change without losing the best of their own cultures is a problem for them.

One native tribe in New Guinea has a difficult situation. The people of the tribe are being pulled in two ways. Copper has been discovered under the land where they have lived for centuries. Developers want to take the copper out of the ground, to mine it. The tribe needs the money that a copper mine would bring. The problem is that the copper is directly under the most important building of their society. These buildings are a necessary part of their religion. How can the copper be mined without changing their religion？ A group of people are trying to help the tribe to learn to communicate with the rest of the world. Cultural Survival, Inc, is the name of the group. The people are anthropologists, scientists who study cultures. The organization wants to teach them how to live in the modern world.

There is another organization like this in London. It is called Survival International. One in Copenhagen is called the International Workshop for Local Affairs. These two groups have joined with Cultural Survival Inc. to help people become used to modern culture.

These organizations work with another kind of problem, too. Sometimes a central government does not consider the needs of local people in developing new projects. Often they suffer a great loss and Cultural Survival, Inc. helps them. Cultural Survival Inc. and its sister organizations also give advice about tourism (旅游业). The tourist business can cause problems. Many small societies need to earn money, but a large group of visitors can hurt their culture. Also the local people could use the help of Cultural Survival, Incorporated.

The passage mainly discusses about ______.

A．how Cultural Survival, Inc. helped a tribe to solve the problem of copper mining

B．why local cultures should be saved

C．the work of Cultural Survival, Inc

D．the difficulties in saving local cultures

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第3题

One major decision which faces the American studentready to begin higher education is the

One major decision which faces the American student

ready to begin higher education is the choice of attending

a large university or a small college. The large university

provides wide range of specialized departments, as well 【S1】______

as numerous courses with so departments. The small 【S2】______

college, moreover, generally provides a limited number 【S3】______

of courses and specialization but offers a better 【S4】______

student faculty ratio, thus permitting individualized

attention to students. Because its large, cosmopolitan 【S5】______

student body the university exposes its students for many 【S6】______

different cultural, social, and extracurricular programs.

On the other hand, the smaller, more homogeneous

student body of the small college afford greater opportunities 【S7】______

for direct involvement and individual participation in

such activities. Finally, the university closely approximates

the unreal world; it provides a relaxed, impersonal, and 【S8】______

sometimes anonymous existence. In contrast, the intimate

atmosphere of the small college prevents the student four 【S9】______

years of structured living in which to contemplate and prepare

for the real world. In making his choice among educational

institutions the student, therefore, consider many facts. 【S10】______

【S1】

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第4题

Which of the following sentences does not relate to the focus of the paragraph？

A、For example, a student from a suburb who has never ridden a bus or subway and then goes to London, Paris, Berlin, Toronto, or any other large city may feel overwhelmed at first in learning how to get from Point A to Point B.

B、Learning how the local transportation systems work can feel like a daunting task at first, and many travelers rely on small charts or maps o navigate the different bus, subway, tram, and train lines and figure out how the price structure works.

C、Food, art dance, clothing, music, and holidays offer windows into the cultural values, patterns, and expectations of the local people.

D、Regardless of the program location, many students find that learning how to overcome the frustrations and fears of transportation to be among their most rewarding accomplishments while abroad.

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第5题

Section BDirections: In this section, you will hear 3 short passages. At the end of each p

Section B

Directions: In this section, you will hear 3 short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C and D.

听力原文： Today there are many charitable organizations which specialize in helping the weary traveler. (26) Yet, the old tradition of hospitality to strangers is still very strong in the US, especially in the smaller cities and towns away from the busy tourist trails. "I was just traveling through, got talking with this American, and pretty soon he invited me home for dinner—amazing." (27) Such observations reported by visitors to the US are not uncommon, but are not always understood properly. The casual friendliness of many Americans should be interpreted neither as superficial nor as artificial, but as the result of a historically developed cultural tradition.

As is true of any developed society, in America a complex set of cultural signals, assumptions, and conventions underlies all social interrelationships. And, of course, speaking a language does not necessarily mean that someone understands social and cultural patterns. (28)Visitors who fail to "translate" cultural meanings properly often draw wrong conclusions. For example, when an American uses the word "friend," the cultural implications of the word may be quite different from those it has in the visitor's language and culture. It takes more than a brief encounter on a bus to distinguish between courteous convention and individual interest. Yet, being friendly is a virtue that many Americans value highly and expect from both neighbors and strangers.

(27)

A．Many specialized charitable organizations.

B．The small cities which are visited by a few people.

C．Some towns that are frequently visited.

D．Big cities and some shopping malls.

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第6题

Questions are based on the following passage. Prior to the 20th century， many languages

Questions are based on the following passage.

Prior to the 20th century， many languages with small numbers of speakers survivedfor centuries. The increasingly interconnected modern world makes it much moredifficult for small language communities to live in relative isolation， a key factor inlanguage maintenance and preservation.

It remains to be seen whether the world can maintain its linguistic and culturaldiversity in the centuries ahead. Many powerful forces appear to work against it:population growth， which pushes migrant populations into the world"s last isolatedlocations; mass tourism; global telecommunications and mass media; and the spread ofgigantic global corporations. All of these forces appear to signify a future in which thelanguage of advertising， popular culture， and consumer products become similar. AlreadyEnglish and a few other major tongues have emerged as global languages of commerceand communication. For many of the world"s peoples， learning one of these languages isviewed as the key to education， economic opportunity， and a better way of life.

Only about 3，000 languages now in use are expected to survive the coming century.

Are most of the rest doomed in the century after that？ Whether most of these languagessurvive will probably depend on how strongly cultural groups wish to keep their identityalive through a native language. To do so will require an emphasis on bilingualism（mastery of two languages）. Bilingual speakers could use their own language in smallerspheres —— at home， among friends， in community settings —— and a global language atwork， in dealings with government， and in commercial spheres. In this way， many smalllanguages could sustain their cultural and linguistic integrity alongside global languages，rather than yield to the homogenising （同化的） forces of globalisation.

Ironically， the trend of technological innovation that has threatened minoritylanguages could also help save them. For example， some experts predict that computersoftware translation tools will one day permit minority language speakers to browse theInternet using their native tongues. Linguists are currently using computer-aided learningtools to teach a variety of threatened languages.

According to the passage， minority languages can be best preserved ___________. 查看材料

A.in the interconnected modern world

B.in relatively isolated language communities

C.if cultural groups wish to keep their native languages

D.if minority language speakers insist on using their own languages

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第7题

Beads were probably the first durable ornaments humans possessed, and the intimate relatio

nship they had with their owners is reflected in the fact that beads are among the most common items found in ancient archaeological sites. In the past, as today, men, women, and children adorned themselves with beads. In some cultures still, certain beads are often worn from birth until death, and then are buried with their owners for the afterlife. Abrasion due to daily wear alters the surface features of beads, and if they are buried for long, the effects of corrosion can further change their appearance. Thus, interest is imparted to the bead both by use and the effects of time.

Besides their wearability, either as jewelry or incorporated into articles of attire, beads possess the desirable characteristics of every collectible. They are durable, portable, available in infinite variety, and often valuable in their original cultural context as well as in today's market. Pleasing to look at and touch, beads come in shapes, colors, and materials that almost compel one to handle them and to sort them.

Beads are miniature bundles of secrets waiting to be revealed: their history, manufacture, cultural context, economic role, and ornamental use are all points of information one hopes to unravel. Even the most mundane beads may have traveled great distances and been exposed to many human experiences. The bead researcher must gather information from many diverse fields. In addition to having to be a generalist while specializing in what may seem to be a narrow field, the researcher is faced with the problem of primary materials that have little or no documentation. Many ancient beads that are of ethnographic interest have often been separated from their original cultural context.

The special attractions of beads contribute to the uniqueness of bead research. While often regarded as the "small change of civilizations", beads are a part of every culture, and they can often be used to date archaeological sites and to designate the degree of mercantile, technological, and cultural sophistication.

What is the main subject of the passage？

A．Materials used in making beads.

B．How beads are made.

C．The reasons for studying beads.

D．Different types of beads.

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第8题

Section BDirections: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by som

Section B

Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice.

In response to those who would suggest that there are no victims for the Hollywood malfeasance cited in this author's series of books on Hollywood, the following is a fairly comprehensive list of the victims of the Hollywood-based U.S. film industry.

Millions of parents are fooled into spending their hard-earned money and taking their children to inappropriate movies. Millions of children and adults are exposed over a lifetime to consistent negative and stereotypical portrayals of certain populations in our diverse society. Such portrayals lead to prejudice, which in turn leads to discrimination and unnecessary conflict, adversely affecting the entire nation. Millions of politicians, government officials, parents, teachers and others in positions of authority are consistently portrayed as fools and bumbling idiots in Hollywood movies (the Hollywood antiauthority themes). Millions of Arabs and Arab-Americans, African-Americans, Latinos, Women, Gays/ Lesbians, German-Americans, Italian-Americans, Irish-Americans, Asian-Americans, Native Americans, Southerners and others have been victimized by Hollywood prejudice expressed through the consistent negative and stereotypical portrayals of these populations. Millions of Christians and Muslims are also regularly portrayed in a negative and stereotypical manner in Hollywood films.

Thousands of large and small investors foolishly believe that they will be treated fairly by Hollywood deal makers and accounting practices. Hundreds of small independent producers cannot get their movies into decent theaters because they are squeezed out of the marketplace by the releases of the major studio/ distributors, whose movies are not always of better quality, but who use anti-competitive business practices to gain leverage over the exhibitors.

Moviegoers of all types who are regularly misled into thinking certain movies are worth seeing and are wrongfully separated from their money by massive and misleading Hollywood advertising.

Many members of the many racial, religious, ethnic, cultural groups and regional groups in America cannot make their important cultural stories onto the screen because of the prejudice held by those who control the industry.

What is the main idea of this passage？

A．Remark on a book.

B．Many examples to disprove a point made by a book.

C．Ways to solve problems in Hollywood.

D．Film-making and audience response.

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第9题

Cultural differences in business entertaining include problems such as whom one entertains

and where, and how one entertains. In countries where status (地位)is important, it is not advisable to invite people of different statuses to 'the same dinner party. Americans will often invite people to their homes. However, in some societies the home is considered too private, unworthy, or too small to serve as a proper place for business entertaining. In some countries there is a "help yourself" method of entertaining done in the home. This method does not work well when

entertaining people whose culture teaches them to wait to be asked three times before accepting an offer of food. In one instance, a Chinese guest went hungry all the evening without eating though he was quite hungry because he was too shy to take food after only being asked to do so once. In another case, an American woman executive was being entertained in London. After having the tea served, the American woman helped herself to cream and sugar rather than waiting to be served. The English hostess was upset by the thought that she was not serving quickly enough.

As a general rule, a small gift from your home country is OK. A gift that is tied to the particular interest of the person is especially good. Gifts for children are also well received. Be careful that the "hometown" gift you are bringing to Singapore was not made in Hong Kong. Because many gifts carry symbolic meanings, it is always best to seek the advice of a cultural informant before selecting gifts. The giving of large gifts, or payments for special service, should only be carried out after talking with legal department in the home and host culture.

It is no good inviting people of different social positions to the same party in the country where______.

A．people don't pay any attention to your positions

B．people care much about their statuses

C．entertainment is important

D．entertainment is not advisable

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第10题

Geography is the study of the relationship of between people and the land. Geographers com

pare and contrast【C1】______places on the earth. But they also【C2】______beyond the individual places and consider the earth as a【C3】______.

As it is known the word geography【C4】______from two Greek words," ge", the Greek word for" earth" and" graphein",【C5】______means" to write". The English word geography means" to describe the earth".【C6】______geography books focus on a small area【C7】______a town or city. Others deal with a state, a region, a nation, or an【C8】______continent. Many geography books deal with the whole earth. Another【C9】______to divide the study of【C10】______is to distinguish between physical geography and cultural geography. The former focuses on the natural world; the【C11】______starts with human beings and【C12】______how human beings and their environment act【C13】______each other. But when geography is considered as a single subject,【C14】______branch can neglect the other.

A geographyer might be described【C15】______one who observes, records, and explains the【C16】______between places. If places were【C17】______, there would be little need for geographers.

We know, however,【C18】______no two places are exactly the same. Geography,【C19】______is a point of view, a special way of【C20】______at places.

【C1】

A．similar

B．various

C．distant

D．famous

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