题目内容
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The rate of breast cancer diagnosis in the UK has been dropping.
A．Right
B．Wrong
C．Not mentioned
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更多“The rate of breast cancer diagnosis in the UK has been dropping.A．RightB．WrongC．Not mentio”相关的问题
A．The lack of study of the effects of pollutants on human health
B．Increased diagnosis rates
C．An increase in the worldwide breast cancer rate
D．A decrease in the worldwide uterine cancer rate
E．Geographical differences in cancer susceptibility
But discouraging news also surfaced: the mortality rate among black women has gone up, and the number of reported breast cancer cases is rising as well. Twenty years ago a woman's lifetime risk of breast cancer was one in 12; now it's one in eight.
Nevertheless, we're on the verge of a revolution in treating this disease. Researchers now have a clear picture of how a cancer cell becomes a tumor -- and how cells break free from a tumor and glide through the bloodstream to seed a new one in another part of the body. And they better understand how the female hormone estrogen makes breast cancer cells grow. "I think we're going to get this disease licked in my lifetime, "says Dr. Susan M. Love, director of the Revlon/U. C. L. A. Breast Cancer Center in Los Angeles.
Until that time, information is a woman's most powerful tool. "A cancer diagnosis isn't an emergency." Dr. Love says. "A patient should take time to educate herself and find out what the options are. " Most of all, a woman needs to remember that breast cancer is not death sentence, and that more than half of all women who develop it will live at least 15 years after their diagnosis.
Much of today's good news centers on refining old therapies, Here's where we stand in treating breast cancer.
Surgery and Radiation. The most dramatic change in breast cancer treatment in the past 20 years is that mastectomy -- removal of the entire breast and often part of the underlying chest muscle -- is no longer considered the only safe course. The chances of survival are no greater after a mastectomy that after the less disfiguring lumpectomy -- in which just the tumor is removed and the breast is left intact -followed by radiation. "There are good reasons to choose mastectomy," says Dr. Larry Norton, chief of breast cancer medicine Manhattan's Memorial Sloan-kettring Cancer Center. "But ff you're a good candidate for lumpectomy, increasing your chances of a cure isn't one of those reasons."
For about 30 percent of women, mastectomy is the only reasonable choice -- for example, a woman with small breasts and a large tumor, or one whose tumor is disseminated throughout the breast. But concerns about which procedure to choose often have more to do with life-style. and attitudes. A lumpectomy requires radiation following surgery to kill any remaining cancer cells, which can mean outpatient visits five days a week for five to seven weeks. Scheduling could be a problem. Nancy Reagan, for instance, decided to have a mastectomy because radiation treatments would have taken too much time.
Many women, however, choose mastectomy out of fear and lack of information. Some patients are terrified of radiation and need to understand what it's really all about, says Carol Fred, a clinical social worker at U. C. L. A's Rhonda Fleming Mann Resource Center for Women with Cancer.
After a lumpectomy the machine that administers the treatment aims radioactive particles at the affected breast only. The treatments make most women tired and can sometimes leave the skin feeling sunburned. But the breast is not left radio- active.
Which statement cannot be inferred from the passage？
A．The mortality rate for breast cancer dropped.
B．The mortality rate among black women has increased.
C．The number of reported breast cancer cases is rising.
D．A woman's lifetime risk of breast cancer is rising.
Breast Cancer Deaths Record Low
The number of women dying from breast (乳房) cancer has fallen to a record low by dropping under 12,000 a year for the first time since records began.
The Cancer Research UK data showed that 11,990 women died in the UK in 2007.
The previous lowest figure had been recorded in 1971 -- the year records began -- after which it rose steadily year by year until the late 1980s.
Professor Peter Johnson, Cancer Research UK's chief clinician, said: "It's incredibly encouraging to see fewer women dying from breast cancer now than at any time in the last 40 years, despite breast cancer being diagnosed more often. "
"Research has played a crucial role in this progress leading to improved treatments and better man agement for women with the disease. "
"The introduction of the NHS (国民保健制度) breast screening program has also contributed as women are more likely to survive the earlier cancer is diagnosed. "
Breast cancer is now the most common cancer in the UK with 45,500 women every year diagnosed with the disease -- a 50% rise in 25 years.
The number of deaths peaked in 1989, when 15,625 women died. It then fell by between 200 and 400 deaths each year until 2004.
There was a slight rise in 2005 and then two years of falls.
Dr. Sarah Cant, policy manager at Breakthrough Breast Cancer, said: "It is great news that fewer women are dying from breast cancer and highlights the impact of improved treatments, breast screening and awareness of the disease. "
"However, this is still too many women and incidence (发生率) of the disease is increasing year by year. "
The rising rate of breast cancer diagnosis has been put down to a variety of factors including obesity (肥胖) and alcohol consumption.
11,990 women died from breast cancer in the UK in 2007.
A．Right
B．Wrong
C．Not mentioned
Breast Cancer Deaths Record Low
The number of women dying from breast cancer has fallen to a record low by dropping under 12,000 a year for the first time since records began.
The Cancer Research UK data showed that 11,990 women died in the UK in 2007.
The previous lowest figure had been recorded in 1971 -- the year records began -- after which it rose steadily year by year until the late 1980s.
Professor Peter Johnson, Cancer Research UK's chief clinician, said: "It's incredibly encouraging to see fewer women dying from breast cancer now than at any time in the last 40 years, despite breast cancer being diagnosed more often. "
"Research has played a crucial role in this progress leading to improved treatments and better management for women with the disease. "
"The introduction of the NHS (国民保健制度) breast screening program has also contributed as women are more likely to survive the earlier cancer is diagnosed. "
Breast cancer is now the most common cancer in the UK with 45,500 women every year diagnosed with the disease- a 500% rise in 25 years.
The number of deaths peaked in 1989, when 15,625 women died. It then fell by between 200 and 400 deaths each year until 2004.
There was a slight rise in 2005 and then two years of falls.
Dr. Sarah Cant, policy manager at Breakthrough Breast Cancer, said: "It is great news that fewer women are dying from breast cancer and highlights the impact of improved treatments, breast screening and awareness of the disease. "
"However, this is still too many women and incidence of the disease is increasing year by year. "
The rising rate of breast cancer diagnosis has been put down to a variety of factors including obesity (肥胖) and alcohol consumption.
11,990 women died from breast cancer in the UK in 2007.
A．Right
B．Wrong
C．Not mentioned
One in three of us will be diagnosed
with cancer during our lifetime.
The disease tends to affect older people — but can strike at any time.
Excluding certain skin cancers, there were more than 270,000 new cases of the disease in 2001 — and the rate is increasing by about 1% a year.
Some cancers, such as breast, are becoming more common, while new cases of lung cancer fall away due to the drop in the number of smokers.
However, while the overall number of new cancers is not falling, the good news is that successful treatment rates for many of the most common types are improving rapidly.
BBC News Online, in conjunction with Cancer Research UK, has produced a guide to some of the most common forms of cancer and the treatments used to tackle them.
How many people will be diagnosed with cancer during their lifetime？
A．One in three.
B．One in five.
C．One in ten.
D．One in twenty.
When epidemiologists study clusters of cancer cases and other noncontagious conditions such as birth defects or miscarriage, they take several variables into account, such as background rate (the number of people affected in the general population), cluster size, and specificity (any notable characteristics of the individual affected in each case). If a cluster is both large and specific, it is easier for epidemiologists to assign blame. Not only must each variable he considered on its own, but it must also be combined with others. Lung cancer is very common in the general population. Yet when a huge number of cases turned up among World War Ⅱ shipbuilders who had all worked with asbestos, the size of the duster and the fact that the men had had similar occupational asbestos exposures enabled epidemiologists to assign blame to the fibrous mineral.
Although several known carcinogens have been discovered through these kinds of occupational or medical clusters, only one community cancer cluster has ever been traced to an environmental cause. Health officials often discount a community’s suspicion of a common environmental cause because citizens tend to include cases that were diagnosed before the afflicted individuals moved into the neighborhood. Add to this the problem of cancer's latency. Unlike an infectious disease such as cholera, which is caused by a recent exposure to food or water contaminated with the cholera bacterium, cancer may have its roots in an exposure that occurred 10 to 20 years earlier.
Do all these caveats mean that the hard work of Lorraine Pace and other community activists is for nothing？ Not necessarily. Together with many other reports of breast cancer clusters on Long Island, the West Islip situation highlighted by Pace has helped epidemiologists lay the groundwork for a well designed scientific study.
The "hope" mentioned in Paragraph 1 refers specifically to Pace's desire to ______.
A．help reduce the incidence of breast cancer in future generations
B．improve her chances of surviving breast cancer
C．determine the cause responsible for her own breast cancer case
D．identify a particular cause for the breast cancer cases in West Islip
When epidemiologists study clusters of cancer cases and other noncontiguous conditions such as birth defects or miscarriage, they take several variables into account, such as background rate (the number of people affected in the general population) , duster size, and specificity (any notable characteristics of the individual affected in each case). If a cluster is both large and specific, it is easier for epidemiologists to assign blame. Not only must each variable be considered on its own, but it must also be combined with others. Lung cancer is very common in the general population. Yet when a huge number of cases turned up among World War II shipbuilders who had all worked with asbestos, the size of the cluster and the fact that the men had similar occupational asbestos exposures enabled epidemiologists to assign blame to the fibrous mineral.
Although several known carcinogens have been discovered through these kinds of occupational or medical clusters, only one community cancer duster has ever been traced to an environmental cause. Health officials often discount a community's suspicion of a common environmental cause because citizens tend to include cases that were diagnosed before the afflicted individuals moved into the neighborhood. Add to this is the problem of cancer's latency. Unlike an infectious disease such as cholera, which is caused by a recent exposure to food or water contaminated with the cholera bacterium, cancer may have its roots in an exposure that occurred 10 to 20 years earlier.
Do all these caveats mean that the hard work of Lorraine Pace and other community activists is for nothing？ Not necessarily. Together with many other reports of breast cancer clusters on Long Island, the West Islip situation highlighted by Pace has helped epidemiologists lay the groundwork for a well-designed scientific study.
The "hope" mentioned in Paragraph 1 refers specifically to Pace's desire to______.
A．help reduce the incidence of breast cancer in future generations
B．improve her chances of surviving breast cancer
C．determine the cause responsible for her own breast cancer case
D．identify a particular cause for the breast cancer cases in West Islip
听力原文： (29)Cancer is the second leading cause of death after heart disease.
Death rates for both diseases are falling. But researchers say the rate for heart disease is falling faster. As a result, an American Cancer Society report shows that cancer now kills more Americans under the age of eighty-five than any other cause.
Some cancers can be prevented or treated, especially if found early. Cancer is the name for a group of diseases. All involve the uncontrolled growth and spread of cells that are not normal. Cell growth and division are controlled by genes. (30) Some cancers are linked to family genetics. Pollution and chemicals can also raise a person's risk of cancer.
The report shows that in recent years, cancer rates in the United States have dropped about one percent per year. Lung, colon, breast and prostate cancer make up more than half of all the cases. For men, prostate cancer is the most common. For women, it is breast cancer. Rates of both have continued to increase, but more slowly than in the past.
Smoking causes about one-third of all cancer deaths. Poor diet and a lack of exercise are blamed for another third in the United States.
(31) The American Cancer Society says cancer deaths worldwide could increase nearly one hundred percent in the next twenty years. Yet most could be avoided. The report calls tobacco use "the number one cause of cancer and the number one cause of preventable death throughout the world. "
Hepatitis and other infections will cause an estimated seventeen percent of new cancers worldwide this year. (32) Such cancers are especially common in developing countries, and many of these cases can also be prevented.
29．What is the first leading cause of death？
30.What can be learned about cancers from the passage？
31.What does the American Cancer Society say about cancer？
32.What do we learn about cancers in developing countries'？
(33)
A．Heart disease.
B．Cancer.
C．Smoking.
D．Poor diet.
However, we Americans need to become more (4)_____ about the effects those pesticides on our food. More (5)_____, we need to think about what new (6)_____ is necessary to protect ourselves from a (7)_____ too rich in Pesticide residue. If we don't demand greater (8)_____ on pesticide use, we may be surprised, dismayed, and (9)_____ horrified by the consequence of its use.
On the most obvious level, farm workers who continue to use the pesticides (10)_____ their present rate will (11)_____ serious diseases. It's no (12)_____ that farmers (13)_____ to herbicides have a six times greater risk of getting cancer. (14)_____, children who live in homes where pesticides are used have an increased chance of getting childhood leukemia(白血病).
But the farmers are not the only ones (15)_____ risk. Consumers may also suffer serious side effects from daily (16)_____ of foods tainted(污染) by pesticides. Although scientists have yet to prove the link (17)_____, they are concerned that pesticide use may be one reason for the startling increase in various forms of cancer like breast and colon(结肠) cancers.
We need new legislation that (18)_____ stricter standards governing pesticide residues in food. Much of the current legislation is based on ignorance. Simply (19)_____, we allow high levels of carcinogens in our food because we don't know for sure that they do cause cancer in humans. Yet, why should we take the risk？ If there's a chance that a pesticide causes cancer, then it should be (20)_____ from use.
A．In spite of
B．Thanks to
C．Given
D．Provided
A、stone and lungs
B、stone and reins
C、lungs and breast
D、stone and head
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