Upon learning about the KS diagnosis, the writer felt___________

of positive change. China has lifted hundreds of millions of people out of poverty--an accomplishment unparalleled in human history--while playing a larger role in global events. And the United States has seen our economy grow. There is a Chinese proverb: "Consider the past, and you shall know the future. " Surely, we have known setbacks and challenges over the last 30 years. Our relationship has not been without disagreement and difficulty. But the notion that we must be adversaries is not predestined--not when we consider the past. Indeed, because of our cooperation, both the United States and China are more prosperous and more secure. We have seen what is possible when we build upon our mutual interests, and engage on the basis of mutual respect. And yet the success of that engagement depends upon understanding--on sustaining an open dialogue, and learning about one another and from one another. For just as that American table tennis player pointed out--we share much in common as human beings, but our countries are different in certain ways.

medieval philosophy suffered from the dictation of the Church. It was merely an endeavor to give a scientific statement of medieval theology. Another thing that hindered the progress of science in the Middle Ages was a misrepresentation of, and a lavish devotion to, Aristotle. His theories were accepted by medieval men as pure gold, and his writings were regarded as a bible. So they became a roadblock to scientific progress.

However, in the 13th century, there appeared a few scholars who criticized the habit of relying on Aristotle for all knowledge. The most distinguished of them was Roger Bacon, an English monk and philosopher. Bacon declared that even if Aristotle were very wise he had only planted the tree of knowledge and that this had "not as yet put forth all its branches nor produced all its fruits." He held that truth could be reached a hundred thousand times better by experiments with real things than by poring over the bad Latin translation of Aristotle.

Bacon was interested in any subject that he thought could broaden man' s understanding of the world. He made many important discoveries and speculated about such things as gunpowder, flying machines, telescopes, and mechanically driven carriages. Greater than any of these was the scientific method that he employed. The most far-sighted of his beliefs was that observation and experiment are essential to an understanding of nature. He was one of the forerunners of the experimental and applied science of modern times.

It was not until the 17th century that the scientific method championed by Roger Bacon was set forth anew and rendered fruitful by Francis Bacon and Descartes.

Francis Bacon was the most eloquent representative of the new science which renounced authority and relied upon experiment. In his Advancement of Learning, he urged that men should cease to rely upon the textbooks, like Aristotle, and turn to a careful examination of animals, plants, and chemicals, with a view of learning about them and using the knowledge thus gained to improve the condition of mankind.

Descartes, French philosopher and mathematician, was interested in many subjects. Throughout his varied career he held fast to the conviction that science depends no; upon the authority of ancient books but upon the observation of facts. Once, pointing to a basket of rabbits that he was about to dissect, he told a visitor, "Here are my books." He could not see any reason why the old authorities should be right. So he boldly set to work to think out a wholly new philosophy that was entirely the result of his own reasoning.

As can be gathered from the passage, Aristotle's theories ______ in the Middle Ages.

A．were ignored by most scholars

B．hindered scientific progress

C．were declared as heresy

D．were basis of important discoveries

trying to determine exactly what intelligence is. Different investigators have emphasized different aspects of intelligence in their definitions. For example, in a 1921 symposium on the definition of intelligence, the American psychologist Lewis M. Ter-man emphasized the ability to think abstractly, while another American psychologist, Edward L. Thorndike, emphasized learning and the ability to give good responses to questions. In a similar 1986 symposium, however, psychologists generally agreed on the importance of adaptation to the environment as the key to understanding both what intelligence is and what it does. Such adaptation may occur in a variety of environmental situations. For example, a student in school learns the material that is required to pass or do well in a course; a physician treating a patient with an unfamiliar disease adapts by learning about the diseases; an artist reworks a painting in order to make it convey a more harmonious impression. For the most part, adapting involves making a change in oneself in order to cope more effectively, but sometimes effective adaptation involves either changing the environment or finding a new environment altogether.

Effective adaptation draws upon a number of cognitive processes, such as perception, learning, memory, reasoning, and problem solving. The main trend in defining intelligence, then, is that it is not itself a cognitive or mental process, but rather a selective combination of these processes purposively directed toward effective adaptation to the environment. For examples, the physician noted above learning about a new disease adapts by perceiving material on the disease in medical literature, learning what the material contains, remembering crucial aspects of it that are needed to treat the patient, and then reasoning to solve the problem of how to apply the information to the needs of the patient. Intelligence, in sum, has come to be regarded as not a single ability, but an effective drawing together of many abilities. This has not always been obvious to investigators of the subject, however, and, indeed, much of the history of the field revolves around arguments, regarding the nature and abilities that constitute intelligence.

What does the passage mainly discuss？

SECTION B PASSAGES

Directions: In this section, you will hear several passages. Listen to the passages carefully and then answer the questions that follow.

听力原文： No Englishman believes in working from book learning. He suspects all theories, philosophic or other. He suspects everything new, and dislikes it, unless he can be compelled by the force of circumstances to see that this new thing has advantages over the old. Race-experience is what he invariably depends upon, whenever he can, whether in India, in Egypt, or in Australia. His statesmen do not consult historical precedents in order to decide what to do: they first learn the facts as they are; then they depend on their own common sense, not at all upon their university learning or upon philosophical theories. And in the case of the English nation, it must be acknowledged that this instinctive method has been eminently successful

The judgment of the Englishman by all other European peoples is that he is the most suspicious, the most re- served, the most unreceptive, the most unfriendly, the coldest-hearted, and the most domineering of all western peoples. Ask a Frenchman, an Italian, A German, a Spaniard, even an American, what he thinks about English- men; and every one of them will tell you the very same thing, But you would find upon the other hand that nearly all nations would speak highly of certain other English qualifies…energy, courage, honor, justice. They would say that although no man is so difficult to make friends with, the friendship of an Englishman once gained is stronger and more true than any other,

Which of the following is NOT suggested in the passage？

A．Englishman seldom reads books.

B．Englishman is suspicious.

C．Englishman dislikes anything new.

D．Englishman depends on their common sense.

Upon learning that he Would leave her, she was（）

A．very happy.

B．extremely joyful.

C．quite relieved.

D．in great pain.

Upon learning that he would leave her, she was______.

A．very happy.

B．extremely joyful.

C．in great pain.

D．quite relieved.

45 Upon learning that he would leave her, she was

A．very happy.

B．extremely joyful.

C．quite relieved.

D．in great pain.

uists who argue that man has developed an innate(天生的) capacity for dealing with the linguistic universals common to all languages. Experience and learning then provide only information about the (1)_____ instances of those universal aspects of language which are needed to communicate with other people within a particular language (2)_____.

This linguistic approach (3)_____ the view that language is built upon learned associations between words. What is learned is not strings of words per se(本身), but (4)_____ rules that enable a speaker to (5)_____ an infinite variety of novel sentences. (6)_____ single words are learned as concepts: they do not stand in a one-to-one (7)_____ with the particular thing signified, but (8)_____ all members of a general class.

This view of the innate aspect of language learning is at first not readily (9)_____ into existing psychological frameworks and (10)_____ a challenge that has stimulated much thought and new research directions. Chomsky argues that a precondition for language development is the existence of certain principles "intrinsic(原有的) to the mind" that provide invariant structures (11)_____ perceiving, learning and thinking. Language (12)_____ all of these processes; thus its study (13)_____ our theories of knowledge in general.

Basic to this model of language is the notion that a child's learning of language is a kind of theory (14)_____. It's thought to be accomplished (15)_____ explicit instruction, (16)_____ of intelligence level, at an early age when he is not capable of other complex (17)_____ or motor achievements, and with relatively little reliable data to go on. (18)_____, the child constructs a theory of an ideal language which has broad (19)_____ power. Chomsky argues that all children could not develop the same basic theory (20)_____ it not for the innate existence of properties of mental organization which limit the possible properties of languages.

A．special

B．specific

C．definite

D．explicit

Upon learning that he would leave her, she was______.

A．very happy.

B．extremely joyful.

C．quite relieved.

D．in great pain.

t something just because the salesman talked you into it？ Are you afraid to ask a boy (girl) for a date？

Many people are afraid to assert themselves (insist upon their own rights)．Dr．Robert Alberti, author of Stand Up' Speak Out, and Talk Back, thinks it's because their self-esteem (自尊) is low．"Our whole set-up makes people doubt themselves," says Alberti. "There's always a 'superior' around—a parent, a teacher, a boss—who 'knows better'．"

But Alberti and other scientists are doing something to help people to assert themselves. They offer "assertiveness training" courses (AT). In the AT courses people learn that they have a right to be themselves. They learn to speak out and feel good about doing so. They learn to be aggressive (敢闯的,有闯劲儿的)without hurting other people.

In one way, learning to speak out is to overcome fear. A group taking an AT course will help the timid person to lose his fear. But AT uses an even stronger motive—the need to share. The timid person speaks out in the group because he wants to tell how he feels. AT says you can get to feel good about yourself. And once you do, you can learn to speak out.

In the passage, the writer talks about the problem that______．

A．some people are too easy-going

B．some people are too timid

C．there are too many superiors around us

D．some people dare not defend their own rights