题目内容
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After the first atomic bomb explosion, everybody agreed that ________.
A) it was wise to choose Alamogordo as the test site
B) man had entered the age of nuclear warfare
C) it was not wise to use such a powerful weapon
D) it was not possible to keep the technology of making atomic bombs secret
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Fermi Problem
On a Monday morning in July, the world’s first atom bomb exploded in the New Mexico desert. Forty seconds later, the shock waves reached the base camp where the Italian-American physicist Enrico Fermi and his team stood. After a mental calculation, Fermi announced to his team that the bomb’s energy had equated 10,000 tons of TNT. The bomb team was impressed, but not surprised. Fermi’s genius was known throughout the scientific world. In 1938 he had won a Nobel Prize. Four years later he produced the first nuclear chain reaction, leading us into the nuclear age. Since Fermi’s death in 1954, no physicist has been at once a master experimentalist and a leading theoretician.
Like all virtuosos, Fermi had a distinctive style. He preferred the most direct route to an answer. He was very good at dividing difficult problems into small, manageable bits—talent we all can use in our daily lives.
To develop this talent in his students. Fermi would suggest a type of question now known as a Fermi problem. Upon first hearing one of these, you haven’t the remotest notion of the answer, and you feel certain that too little information had been given to solve it. Yet when the problem is broken into sub-problems, each answerable without the help of experts or books, you can come close to the exact solution.
Suppose you want to determine Earth’s circumference without looking it up. Everyone knows that New York and Los Angeles are about 3,000 miles apart and that the time difference between them is three hours. Three hours is one eighth of a day, and a day is the time it takes the planet to complete one rotation, so its circumference must be eight times 3,000 or 24,000 miles. This answer differs from the true value, 24,902.45 miles, by less than four percent.
Ultimately the value of dealing with everyday problems the way Fermi did lies in the rewards of making independent discoveries and inventions: It doesn’t matter whether the discovery is as important as determining the power of an atom or as small as measuring the distance between New York and Los Angeles. Looking up the answer, or letting someone else find it, deprives you of the pleasure and pride that accompany creativity, and deprives you of an experience that builds up self-confidence. Thus, approaching personal dilemmas as Fermi problems can become a habit that enriches your life.
Fermi’s team was impressed by Fermi’s announcement in the base camp because he could even work out the power of the atom bomb in his mind.
A．Right
B．Wrong
C．Not mentioned
Albert Einstein was the first to suggest the existence of stimulated emission in a paper published in 1917. However, for many years physicists thought that atoms and molecules always were much more likely to emit light spontaneously and that stimulated emission thus always would be much weaker. It was not until after the Second World War that physicists began trying to make stimulated emission dominate. They sought ways by which one atom or molecule could stimulate many others to emit light, amplifying it to much higher powers.
The first to succeed was Charles H. Townes, then at Columbia University in New York. Instead of working with light, however, he worked with microwaves, which have a much longer wavelength, and built a device he called a "maser," for Microwave Amplification by the Stimulated Emission of Radiation. Although he thought of the key idea in 1951, the first maser was not completed until a couple of years later. Before long, many other physicists were building masers and trying to discover how to produce stimulated mission at even shorter wavelengths.
The key concepts emerged about 1957. Townes and Arthur Schawlow, then at Bell Telephone Laboratories, wrote a long paper outlining the conditions needed to amplify stimulated emission of visible light waves. At about the same time, similar ideas crystallized in the mind of Gordon Gould, then a 37-year-old graduate student at Columbia, who wrote them down in a series of notebooks. Townes and Schawlow published their ideas in a scientific journal, Physical Review Letters, but Gould filed a patent application. Three decades later, people still argue about who deserves the credit for the concept of the laser.
Which of the following statements best describes a laser？
A．A device for stimulating atoms and molecules to emit light.
B．An atom in a high-energy state.
C．A technique for destroying atoms or molecules.
D．An instrument for measuring light waves.
Albert Einstein was the first to suggest the existence of stimulated emission in a paper published in 1917. However, for many years physicists thought that atoms and molecules always were much more likely to emit light spontaneously and that stimulated emission thus always would be much weaker. It was not until after the Second World War that physicists began trying to make stimulated emission dominate. They sought ways by which one atom or molecule could stimulate many others to emit light, amplifying it to much higher powers.
The first to succeed was Charles H. Townes, then at Columbia University in New York. Instead of working with light, however, he worked with microwaves, which have a much longer wavelength, and built a device he called a "maser", for Microwave Amplification by the Stimulated Emission of Radiation. Although he thought of the key idea in 1951, the first maser was not completed until a couple of years later. Before long, many other physicists were building masers and trying to discover how to produce stimulated emission at even shorter wavelengths.
The key concepts emerged about 1957. Townes and Arthur Schawlow, at Bell Telephone Laboratories, wrote a long paper outlining the conditions needed to amplify stimulated emission of visible light waves. At about the same time, similar ideas crystallized in the mind of Gordon Gould, then a 37-year-old graduate student at Columbia, who wrote them down in a series of notebooks. Townes and Schawlow published their ideas in a scientific journal, Physical Review Letter, but Gould fried a patent application. Three decades later, people still argue about who deserves the credit for the concept of the laser.
The word "intervention" (Line 3, Para. 1) can best be replaced by ______.
A．need
B．device
C．influence
D．reproduction
Scientists first ________ the idea of the atom bomb in the 1930s.
A) imagined
B) conceived
C) considered
D) acknowledged
An atom consists of a tiny core called the "nucleus" with attendant electrons circling round it. The hydrogen atom, which is the simplest and lightest, has only one electron. Heavier atoms have more and more as they go up the scale. The first discovery that had to do with what goes on in nuclei was radioactivity, which is caused by particles being shot out of the nucleus. It was known that a great deal of energy is locked up in the nucleus, but, until just before the outbreak of the Second World War, there was no way of releasing this energy in any large quantity. A revolutionary discovery was that, in certain circumstances, mass can be transformed into energy in accordance with Einstein's formula which states that the energy generated is equal to the mass lost multiplied by the square of the velocity of light.
The A-bomb, however, used a different process, depending upon radioactivity. In this process, called "fission", a heavier atom splits into two lighter atoms. In general, in radioactive substances this fission proceeds at a constant rate which is slow where substances occurring in nature are concerned. But there is one form. of uranium called "U235" which, when it is pure, sets up a chain reaction which spreads like fire, though with enormously greater rapidity. It is this substance which was used in making the atom bomb.
The political background of the atomic scientists' work was the determination to defeat the Nazis. It was held--I think rightly--that a Nazi victory would be an appalling disaster. It was also held, in Western countries, that German scientists must be well advanced towards making an A-bomb, and that if they succeeded before the West did they would probably win the war. When the war was over, it was discovered, to the complete astonishment of both American and British scientists, that the Germans were nowhere near success, and as everybody knows, the Germans were defeated before any nuclear weapons had been made. But I do not think that nuclear scientists of the West can be blamed for thinking the work urgent and necessary. Even Einstein favored it.
When, however, the German war was finished, the great majority of those scientists who had collaborated towards making the A-bomb considered that it should not be used against the Japanese, who were already on the verge of defeat and, in any case, did not constitute such a menace to the world as Hitler. Many of them made urgent representations to the American Government advocating that, instead of using the bomb as a weapon of war, they should after a public announcement, explode it in a desert, and that future control of nuclear energy should be placed in the hands of an international authority. Seven of the most eminent of nuclear scientists drew up what is known as "The Franck Report" which they presented to the Secretary of War in June 1945. This is a very admirable and far-seeing document, and if it had won the assent of the politicians, none of our subsequent terrors would have arisen.
We may infer that the writer's attitude towards the A-bomb is that ______.
A．it is a necessary evil
B．it is a terrible threat to the whole of mankind
C．it played a vital part in defeating the Japanese
D．it was a wonderful invention
A、Theory of Relativity
B、the splitting of the atom
C、the first space flight
D、Dolly's appearance
Robert J. Oppenheimer was a famous American physicist, who directed the【1】of the first atomic bombs.
Oppenheimer was born in New York City on April 22, 1904, and was educated at Harvard University and the universities of Cambridge. After【2】the International Education Board from 1928 to 1929, he became a professor of physics at the University of California and the California Institute of Technology, where he built up large【3】of theoretical physics. He was noted for his contributions【4】to the theory of relativity, cosmic rays, and neutron stars.
From 1943 to 1945 , Oppenheimer served as director of the atomic bomb project at Los Alamos, New Mexico. His leadership and organizational skills【5】him the Presidential Medal of Merit in 1946. In 1947 he became director of the Institute for Advanced Studies in Princeton, New Jersey, serving there【6】the year before his death. He was also chairman of the General Advisory Committee of the Atomic Energy Commission from 1947 to 1952 and served【7】as an adviser. In 1954, however, he was suspended from this position【8】his past association with Communists. This action【9】the political atmosphere of the time, as well as the dislike of some politicians and military【10】for Oppenheimer's opposition to development of the hydrogen bomb and his【11】of arms control. His【12】was not really in doubt.【13】, efforts were made to clear his name, and in 1963 the AEC【14】him its highest honor, the Enrico Fermi Award. Oppenheimer【15】his final years to study of the relationship between science and society. He died in Princeton on February 18, 1967.
(1)
A．orientation
B．manipulation
C．development
D．management
Part B (10 points)
Animation is a kind of motion pictures created by recording a series of still images-of drawings, objects, or people in various positions of incremental movement-that when played back no longer appear individually as static images but combine to produce the illusion of unbroken motion. The term animation applies to creations on film, video, or computers, and even to motion toys, which usually consist of a series of drawings or photographs on paper that are viewed with a mechanical device or by flipping through a hand-held sequence of images.
(41)Techniques
There are many ways to create animation, depending on whether the materials used are flat (such as drawings, paintings, or cut-out pieces of paper)or dimensional(such as clay, puppets, household objects, or even people).
(42)Production Process
After choosing an idea for a film, an animator must think about a concept in terms of individual actions.
(43)History
Animation has been a part of cinema history from the time the first motion pictures were made in the late 1800s.
(44)Walt Disney
The company's founder, Walt Disney, was born in Chicago, Illinois, but grew up in Kansas City, Missouri, where he met animator Ub 1werks and composer Carl Stalling, who were to be important to his future success.
(45)Japanese Animation
Japanese animation, known as anime, blossomed after World War II(1939-1945)and today is immensely popular both within Japan and worldwide.
Current Trends
Two trends in the animation industry are likely to have a profound influence on its future：a significant increase in production and exhibition opportunities, and the growing importance of new technologies.
[A] Some early live-action films, known as trick films, used the animation technique of stop action, in which the camera is stopped and an object is removed or added to a shot before filming is resumed.
[B] Disney(with his then-partner Iwerks)created a character that was to become the most famous animated figure in history：Mickey Mouse.
[C] Aside from television, perhaps the largest influence on the style. of recent animation worldwide has come from computer technologies. Experiments with electronic animation began in the 1930s, but it was not until the late 1970s that computer animation became viable beyond scientific and government applications, particularly for use by the entertainment industry.
[D] In each case, an animator must keep in mind the basic principle of frames per second(the number of images needed to produce one second of film). Because sound film runs at twentyfour frames per second, a film animator must make twenty-four images for each second of animation that he or she wishes to create.
[E] The most important historical figure in Japanese animation, Osamu Tezuka, created the first animated television series in Japan, " Tetsuwan Atom " (Astro Boy).
[F] For instance, if an animator decides on an action that will take 3 seconds of animation to complete, the animator will have to create images to fill 72 frames of film(3 seconds of movement multiplied by a running speed of 24 frames per second).
(41)
根据材料请回答 16～22 题
Fermi Problem
On a Monday morning in July, the world' s first atom bomb exploded in the New
Mexico desert.Forty seconds later, the shock waves reached the base camp where the I-talian-American physicist Enrico Fermi and his team stood.After a mental calculation, Fermi announced to his team that the bomb's energy had equated 10,000 tons of TNT.The bomb team was impressed, but not surprised.Fermi' s genius was known throughout the scientific world.In 1938 he had won a Nobel Prize.Four years later he produced the first nuclear chain reaction, leading' us into the nuclear age.Since Fermi's death in 1954,no physicist has been at once a master experimentalist (实验家) and a leading theoretician
Like all virtuosos (大师), Fermi had a distinctive style.He preferred the, most direct route to an answer.He was very good at dividing difficult problems into small, managea-ble bits talent we all can use in our daily lives,
To develop this talent in his students, Fermi would suggest a type of question now known as a Fermi problem.Upon first hearing one of these, you haven't the remotest no-tion of the answer, and you feel certain that too little information had been given to solve it.Yet when the problem is broken into sub-problems， each answerable without the help of experts or books, you can come close to the exact solution.
Suppose you want to determine Earth's circumference without looking it up.Every-one knows that New York and Los Angeles are about 3,000 miles apart and that the time difference between them is three hours.Three hours is one-eighth of a day, and a day is the time it takes the planet to complete one rotation (旋转), so its circumference must be eight times 3000 or 24000 miles.This answer differs from the true value, 24,902.45 mi-les, by less than four percent.
Ultimately (最终地) the value of dealing with everyday problems the way Fermi did lies in the rewards of making independent discoveries and inventions.It doesn't matter whether the discovery is as important as determining the power of an atom or as small as measuring the distance between New York and Los Angeles.Looking up the answer, or letting someone else find it, deprives you of the pleasure and pride that accompany creativ-ity, and deprives you of an experience that builds up self-confidence.Thus, approaching personal dilemmas as Fermi problems can become a habit that enriches your life.
第 16 题 Fermi's team was impressed by Fermi' s announcement in the base camp because he could even work out the power of the atom bomb in his mind.
A．Right
B．Wrong
C．Not mentioned
What is the talk mainly about？
A．The function of an atom.
B．The development of atom theory.
C．The structure of an atom.
D．Methods to find an atom.
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