题目内容
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Doctors in Boston studied 1,000 children to______.
A．examine whether these children were healthy
B．find out who smoke
C．find out the condition of children whose mother smoke
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更多“Doctors in Boston studied 1,000 children to______.A．examine whether these children were he”相关的问题
Medical researchers in Boston recently found out【C1】______ millions of people already knew: drinking is good for you. The doctors【C2】______ up with the following ideas and suggestion: one【C3】______ six drinks is good for you;【C4】______ drinking, or seven to thirteen drinks a week is not good; but having【C5】______ than thirteen drinks a week is downright【C6】______ because drinking too much wine could cause dementia, an illness that can【C7】______ your brain,【C8】______ your ability to drink or act normally.
【C9】______ more than 300 senior citizens over many years, a group of researchers【C10】______ that a few drinks a week is good for you【C11】______ it prevents hardening of the arteries, a major【C12】______ to such cardiovascular(心血管的) problems【C13】______ heart attacks and strokes. Strokes, especially, are a major【C14】______ of non-genetic dementia,【C15】______ occurrence may be reduced by【C16】______ amounts of alcohol.
Doctors pointed out that,【C17】______ hearing this news, older adults should not rush out to buy six【C18】______. Those who drank in the【C19】______ were long time drinkers. Any new user of alcohol should first【C20】______ a physician, they cautioned.
【C1】
A．what
B．which
C．that
D．why
Questions are based on the following passage．
Saying they can no longer ignore the rising prices of health care， some of the most influentialmedical groups in the nation are recommending that doctors weigh the costs， not just the effectiveness of treatments， as they make decisions about patient care．The shift， little noticed outside the medical establishment but already controversial inside it，suggests that doctors are starting to redefine their roles， from being concerned exclusively about individual patients to exerting influence on how healthcare dollars are spent．In practical terms， the new guidelines being developed could result in doctors choosing one drug over another for cost reasons or even deciding that a particular treatment—at the end of life， for example—is too expensive．In the extreme， some critics have said that making treatment decisionsbased on cost is a form. of rationing．Traditionally， guidelines have heavily influenced the practice of medicine， and the latest ones areexpected to make doctors more conscious of the economic consequences of their decisions， even though there"s no obligation to follow them．Medical society guidelines are also used by insurancecomoanies to help determine reimbursement （报销） policies．Some doctors see a potential conflict in trying to be both providers of patient care and fmancial
Overseers．"There should be forces in society who should be concerned about the budget， but they shouldn"t be functioning simultaneously as doctors，" said Dr．Martin Samuels at a Boston hospital．He said doctors risked losing the trust of patients if they told patients， "I"m not going to do what I think is best for you because I think it"s bad for the healthcare budget in Massachusetts．" Doctors can face some grim trade—offs．Studies have shown， for example， that two drugs are about
equally effective in treating macular degeneration， and eye disease．But one costs $ 50 a dose and the other close to $ 2，000．Medicare could save hundreds of millions of dollars a year if everyone used the cheaper drug， Avastin， instead of the costlier one， Lucentis．But the Food and Drug Administration has not approved Avastin for use in the eye．and using it rather than the alternative， Lucentis， might carry an additional， although slight， safety risk．Should doctors consider Medicare"s budget in deciding what to use？"I think ethically （在道德层面上） we are just worried about the patient in front of us and not trying to save money for the insurance industry or society as a whole，" said Dr．Donald Jensen．Still， some analysts say that there"s a role for doctors to play in cost analysis because not many others are doing so．"In some ways，" said Dr．Daniel Sulmasy， "it represents a failure of wider society
to take up the issue．"
What do some most influential medical groups recommend doctors do？ 查看材料
A.Reflect on the responsibilities they are supposed to take．
B.Pay more attention to the effectiveness of their treatments．
C.Take costs into account when making treatment decisions．
D.Readjust their practice in view of the cuts in health care．
Now, a new American study demonstrates what may be a good effect connected to drinking coffee. It found a link between drinking coffee and a decrease in the risk of gallbladder disease in men. The findings are reported in The Journal of the American Medical Association.
The gallbladder is an organ in the body that stores bile. (48) . Someone with gallbladder disease may experience severe pain in the stomach after eating fatty foods. Cholesterol in the bile can form. painful gallstones. Lack of physical activity and being overweight are the two main causes of gallstone disease.
Researchers from the Harvard School of Public Health in Boston, Massachusetts organized the study. They say coffee has several effects that could reduce the risk of gallstone formation (49) . The new study involved 46,000 men. The men were all doctors or health care specialists between the ages of 40 and 75 years old. None of them bad a history of gallbladder disease.
(50) . The researchers found that more than 1,000 of the men reported having gallstone disease. More than 80 percent of those men required an operation to remove the gallbladder.
A. For years, scientists have argued about the health effects of drinking coffee
B. Bile helps the body break down fat in food
C. Doctors have found a method to cure the disease
D. The men were observed for 10 years
E. That is because coffee contain caffeine
F. Earlier studies had offered conflicting results, however
(46)
While out visiting in May 1988, Mr. Winter 【28】______ the heart attack, which he was treated, and was rushed to St Franc' is hospital in Cincinnati. The doctor who 【29】______ him wrote down on his chart that he was not to be 【30】______ but the duty nurse was not informed of Mr. Winter's 【31】______ . The nurse took the usual 【32】______ action and tried to revive him with an electric shock. His life was saved 【33】______ the treatment was not completely successful. Since then he 【34】______ stay in a nursing home, partially 【35】______ and barely able to speak without weeping. Though there is 【36】______ hope of improvement in his condition, doctors say he could 【37】______ many more years. The hospital 【38】______ his story, arguing that the injury suffered by Mr. Winter is the 【39】______ of an act of God and they 【40】______ him over $ 60,000 for saving his life.
【21】
A．heart
B．liver
C．brain
D．nerves
The shift, little noticed outside the medical establishment but already controversial inside it, suggests that doctors are starting to redefine their roles, from being concerned exclusively about individual patients to exerting influence on how healthcare dollars are spent.
In practical terms, the new guidelines being developed could result in doctors choosing one drug over another for cost reasons or even deciding that a particular treatment-at the end of life, for example-is too expensive. In the extreme, some critics have said that making treatment decisions based on cost is a form. of rationing.
Traditionally, guidelines have heavily influenced the practice of medicine, and the latest ones are expected to make doctors more conscious of the economic consequences of their decisions, even though there’s no obligation to follow them. Medical society guidelines are also used by insurance companies to help determine reimbursement(报销)policies.
Some doctors see a potential conflict in trying to be both providers of patient care and financial overseers.
"There should be forces in society who should be concerned about the budget, but they shouldn’t be functioning simultaneously as doctors," said Dr. Martin Samuels at a Boston hospital. He said doctors risked losing the trust of patients if they told patients, "I’m not going to do what I think is best for you because I think it’s bad for the healthcare budget in Massachusetts."
Doctors can face some grim trade-offs. Studies have shown, for example, that two drugs are about equally effective in treating macular degeneration, an eye disease. But one costs $50 a dose and the other close to $2,000. Medicare could save hundreds of millions of dollars a year if everyone used the cheaper drug. Avastin, instead of the costlier one, Lucentis.
But the Food and Drug Administration has not approved Avastin for use in the eye, and using it rather than the alternative, Lucentis, might carry an additional, although slight, safety risk. Should doctors consider Medicare’s budget in deciding what to use？
"I think ethically(在道德层面上)we are just worried about the patient in front of us and not trying to save money for the insurance industry or society as a whole," said Dr. Donald Jensen.
Still, some analysts say that there’s a role for doctors to play in cost analysis because not many others are doing so. "In some ways," said Dr. Daniel Sulmasy, "it represents a failure of wider society to take up the issue."
57.What do some most influential medical groups recommend doctors do？
A.Reflect on the responsibilities they are supposed to take.
B.Pay more attention to the effectiveness of their treatments.
C.Take costs into account when making treatment decisions.
D.Readjust their practice in view of the cuts in health care.
58.What were doctors mainly concerned about in the past？
A.Specific medicines to be used.
B.Professional advancement.
C.Effects of medical treatment.
D.Patients’ trust.
59.What may the new guidelines being developed lead to？
A.The redefining of doctors’ roles.
B.Conflicts between doctors and patients.
C.Overuse of less effective medicines.
D.The prolonging of patients’ suffering.
60.What risk do doctors see in their dual role as patient care providers and financial overseers？
A.They may be involved in a conflict of interest.
B.They may be forced to divide their attention.
C.They may have to use less effective drugs.
D.They may lose the respect of patients.
61.What do some experts say about doctors’ involvement in medical cost analysis？
A.It may add to doctors’ already heavy workloads.
B.It will help to save money for society as a whole.
C.It results from society’s failure to tackle the problem.
D.It raises doctors’ awareness of their social responsibilities.
Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide, the Court in effect supported the medical principle of "double effect, "a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effects--a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen--is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect.
Doctors have used that principle in recent years to justify using high doses of morphine to control terminally ill patients' pain, even though increasing dosages will eventually kill the patient.
Nancy Dubler, director of Montefiore Medical Center, contends that the principle will shield doctors who "until now have very, very strongly insisted that they could not give patients sufficient mediation to control their pain if that might hasten death."
George Annas, chair of the health law department at Boston University, maintains that, as long as a doctor prescribes a drug for a legitimate medical purpose, the doctor has done nothing illegal even if the patient uses the drug to hasten death. "It's like surgery, "he says."We don't call those deaths homicides because the doctors didn't intend to kill their patients, although they risked their death. If you're a physician,you can risk your patient's suicide as long as you don't intend their suicide."
On another level, many in the medical community acknowledge that the assisted-suicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modem medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying.
Just three weeks before the Court's ruling on physician-assisted suicide, the National Academy of Science (NAS) released a two-volume report, Approaching Death: Improving Care at the End of Life. It identifies the undertreatment of pain and the aggressive use of "ineffectual and forced medical procedures that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying" as the twin problems of end-of-life care.
The profession is taking steps to require young doctors to train in hospices, to test knowledge of aggressive pain management therapies, to develop a Medicare billing code for hospital-based care, and to develop new standards for assessing and treating pain at the end of life.
Annas says lawyers can play a key role in insisting that these well-meaning medical initiatives translate into better care. "Large numbers of physicians seem unconcerned with the pain their patients are needlessly and predictably suffering, " to the extent that it constitutes "systematic patient abuse." He says medical licensing boards "must make it clear...that painful deaths are presumptively ones that are incompetently managed and should result in license suspension."
第56题：From the first three paragraphs, we learn that
A doctors used to increase drug dosages to control their patients'pain.
B it is still illegal for doctors to help the dying end their lives.
C the Supreme Court strongly opposes physician-assisted suicide.
D patients have no constitutional right to commit suicide.
听力原文： Years ago before there were refrigerators, an icehouse was a building used for storing ice. The first icehouses were in the cellars of farmhouses. Pieces of ice, mixed with snow and meadow grass, were piled in winter and kept until the following summer. Soon farmers began to build separate houses for storing ice. These icehouses had double walls with bay stuffed between to keep out any heat. Blocks of ice were put inside the icehouse and packed with straw or sawdust.
Where did the ice for these icehouses come from？ Workers took it from a frozen pond or river. They sawed the ice into even blocks. Then they pulled the ice blocks from the water with hooks and carried them to the icehouses on sleds.
Special tools helped the workers cut and handle the ice. Ice axes chopped large holes in the ice. Ice saws cut the ice into even blocks. Choppers loosened these blocks from one another. Ice hooks fastened themselves into the large blocks. Then they could be carried over the frozen surface of the pond or river. Tongs were used to pick up the smaller blocks of ice.
Ships carried ice all over the world. In 1799 the first boatload in the United States was sent from New York City to icehouses in New Orleans, Louisiana. A boatload was sent from Boston, Massachusetts, to the West Indies to help fight yellow fever in 1805. Ice merchants in Boston also shipped tons of ice from ponds and rivers to cities in Europe.
(30)
A．Separate houses were built for storing ice.
B．Double walls were built in icehouses to keep cool.
C．Blocks of ice were packed with hay in icehouses.
D．Ice was put into icehouses in winter.
While out visiting in May 1988, Mr Winter 【28】______ the heart attack which he so treated, and was rushed to St Francis hospital in Cincinnati. The doctor who 【29】______ him wrote down on his chart that he was not to be 【30】______ but the duty nurse was not informed of Mr Winter's 【31】______ . The nurse took the usual 【32】______ action and tried to revive him with an electric shock.His life was saved 【33】______ the treatment was not completely successful. Since then he 【34】______ stay in a nursing home, partially 【35】______ and barely able to speak without weeping. Thoughthere is 【36】______ hope of improvement in his condition, doctors say he could 【37】______ many more years. The hospital 【38】______ his story, arguing that the injury suffered by Mr Winter is the 【39】______ of an act of Col and they 【40】______ him over ￡60,000 for saving his life.
【21】
A．heart
B．liver
C．brain
D．nerves
听力原文： Years ago before there were refrigerators, an icehouse was a building used for storing ice. The first icehouses were in the cellars of farmhouses. Pieces of ice, mixed with snow and meadow grass, were piled in winter and kept until the following summer. Soon farmers began to build separate houses for storing ice. These icehouses had double walls with hay stuffed between to keep out any heat. Blocks of ice were put inside the icehouse and packed with straw or sawdust.
Where did the ice for these icehouses come from？ Workers took it from a frozen pond or river. They sawed the ice into even blocks. Then they pulled the ice blocks from the water with hooks and carried them to the icehouses on sleds. Special tools helped the workers cut and handle the ice. Ice axes chopped large holes in the ice. Ice saws cut the ice into even blocks. Choppers loosened these blocks from one another. Ice hooks fastened themselves into the large blocks. Then they could be carried over the frozen surface of the pond or river. Tongs were used to pick up the smaller blocks of ice. Ships carried ice all over the world. In 1799 the first boatload in the United States was sent from New York City to icehouses in New Orleans. Louisiana. A boatload was sent from Boston, Massachusetts. to the West Indies to help fight yellow fever in 1805. Ice merchants in Boston also shipped tons of ice from ponds and rivers to cities in Europe.
(30)
A．Separate houses were built for storing ice.
B．Double walls were built in icehouses to keep cool.
C．Blocks of ice were packed with weed in icehouses.
D．Ice was put into icehouses in winter.
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