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(b) Explain how growth may be assessed, and critically discuss the advantages and issues that might arise as a
result of a decision by the directors of CSG to pursue the objective of growth. (8 marks)
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In this passage, Camp and Arms explain how this same process occurs naturally. The theory of evolution by natural selection was put forward in a joint presentation of the views of Charles Darwin and Alfred Russell Wallace before the Linnaean Society of London in 1858. Darwin and Wallace were not the first to suggest that evolution occurred; but their names are linked with the idea of evolution because they proposed the theory of natural se- lection as the mechanism by which evolution occurs. We are always more likely to believe in a process when people explain how it happens than if they merely assert that it does.
The theory of evolution by means of natural selection is based on three observations. First, as we can see by comparing one cat or human being with another, the members of a species differ from one another; that is, there is variation among individuals of the same species. Second, some (though not all) of the differences between individuals are inherited. (Other differences are not inherited, but are caused by different environments. For in- stance, two plants with identical genes may grow to different sizes if one of them is planted in poor soil. ) Third, more organisms are born than live to grow up and reproduced many organisms die as embryos or seeds, as saplings, nestlings, or larvae.
Inherited characteristics that improve an organism's chances of living and reproducing will be more common in the next generation and those that decrease its chances of reproducing will be less common. Various genes or combinations of genes will be naturally selected for or against, from one generation to the next, depending on how they affect reproductive potential. For natural selection to cause a change in a population from one generation to the next (that is, to cause evolution), it is not necessary that all genes affect survival and reproduction; the same result occurs if just some genes make an individual more likely to grow up and reproduce.
The main difference between natural and artificial selection is that human beings______.
A．control the direction of artificial selection
B．control the direction of natural selection
C．make new genes in artificial selection
D．make new genes in natural selection
W: You're welcome.
M: Shirley, you truly have an amazing garden. Can you tell tm how you learned about gardening？
W: Well, this spring I took a gardening class. Then I decided to try some of the things I had learned. So I have tried various attempts at gardening and with different degrees of success.
M: From the pictures of your garden, I've seen 'all kinds of different vegetables, including cucumbers, tomatoes, straw berries, carrots and so on. Could you let us know how you put these plants together in your garden？
W: Well, one of the most important things in gardening is that you choose a good location. You need at least 6 to 8 hours of direct sunshine. Um, you also need to choose a location that has good drainage, and it should be a convenient location. After choosing a good location, I just decided what I wanted to plant, and based on what the final plant would took like, I divided the whole garden into different parts.
M: Shirley, I've noticed some vertical beams in your garden. I'm truly amazed by them. Could you explain that to us a little bit？
W: Well, take cucumbers for instance. Cucumbers take a lot of space when you grow them out on the ground, but I don't have that much space. So I just grow them up. Just grow them vertically. I just used a metal frame. and some strings to allow them to grow up, and they will support themselves.
M: Well, Shirley, this is truly amazing. Thank you very much for being with us today.
W: My pleasure.
(23)
A．The pleasure derived from gardening.
B．How to grow an amazing garden.
C．How to choose a good location for a garden.
D．How to succeed in growing many plants in a small garden.
For thousands of years, people have known that the best way to understand a concept is to explain it to someone else. "While we teach, we learn," said Roman philosopher Seneca. Now scientists are bringing this ancient wisdom up-to-date. They're documenting why teaching is such a fruitful way to learn, and designing innovative ways for young people to engage in instruction. Researchers have found that students who sign up to tutor others work harder to understand the material, recall it more accurately and apply it more effectively. Student teachers score higher on tests than pupils who're learning only for their own sake. But how can children, still learning themselves, teach others？ One answer: They can tutor younger kids. Some studies have found that first-born children are more intelligent than their later-born siblings (兄弟姐妹). This suggests their higher IQs result from the time they spend teaching their siblings. Now educators are experimenting with ways to apply this model to academic subjects. They engage college undergraduates to teach computer science to high school students, who in turn instruct middle school students on the topic. But the most cutting-edge tool under development is the "teachable agent"—a computerized character who learns, tries, makes mistakes and asks questions just like a real-world pupil. Computer scientists have created an animated (动画的) figure called Betty's Brain, who has been "taught" about environmental science by hundreds of middle school students. Student teachers are motivated to help Betty master certain materials. While preparing to teach, they organize their knowledge and improve their own understanding. And as they explain the information to it, they identify problems in their own thinking. Feedback from the teachable agents further enhances the tutors' learning. The agents' questions compel student tutors to think and explain the materials in different ways, and watching the agent solve problems allows them to see their knowledge put into action. Above all, it's the emotions one experiences in teaching that facilitate learning. Student tutors feel upset when their teachable agents fail, but happy when these virtual pupils succeed as they derive pride and satisfaction from someone else's accomplishment. 1. What are researchers rediscovering through their studies？ A.Seneca's thinking is still applicable today. B.Better learners will become better teachers. C.Human intelligence tends to grow with age. D.Philosophical thinking improves instruction.
A、Seneca's thinking is still applicable today.
B、Better learners will become better teachers.
C、Human intelligence tends to grow with age.
D、Philosophical thinking improves instruction.
The resaults are more serious: for where there are trees their roots break the soil allowing the rain to sink and also hold the soil, thus preventing it from being washed away easily, but where there are no trees, the soil becomes hard and poor.
The rain falls on hard ground and flows away on the surface, causing floods, and carry away with it the rich top soil in which crops grow so well. When all the top soil is gone, nothing remains but worthless desert.
The purpose that the writer wrote this article for is ______.
A．to tell people that trees are very useful to man
B．to warn people not to cut down trees any more
C．to warn that man mustn't destroy forests any more
D．to explain how trees help to prevent drought and floods
W: Tills spring I took a square-foot gardening class, and I decided to try some of the things I've learned. Urn, one of the most important things in square-foot gardening is that you choose a good location. You need at least 6 to 8 hours of direct sunshine. You also need to choose a location that has good drainage, and it should be a convenient location. A garden is a lot more fun if yon are walking by and seeing it all the time. Urn, you need to decide what kind of containers you want, or, in my case, I used wooden boxes.
M: Wall, Shirley, I've noticed these vertical beams. I've never seen that before. Could you explain that to us a little bit？
W: Right here we have some cantaloupe, and cantaloupe take a lot of space when you grow them out on the ground, and I don't have that much space, so I just grow them up. I just made a metal frame, and took some string. I just allow them to grow up, and they will support themselves.
M: This is amazing. I noticed in this garden, there is u vast amount of vegetation.
W: Well, over on the far end, I have tomatoes growing vertically. In front of those I have green peppers, basil, strawberries, beets, green beans, com, carrots and so on. Right here, as I said before, I have cantaloupe. Down at the bottom, I have some Mexican tomatoes. And down at this end, I have eggplant, another kind of pepper called banana peppers, cucumbers, okra, pumpkins...and I think that's about it.
M: I'm so impressed. I'd like to thank you very much for having us in today to look at your garden.=
(23)
A．By attending a class.
B．From her parents.
C．Through a gardening magazine.
D．From her neighbors.
W: This spring I took a square-foot gardening class, and I decided to try some of the things I've learned. Um, one of the most important things in square-foot gardening is that you choose a good location. You need at least 6 to 8 hours of direct sunshine. You also need to choose a location that has good drainage, and it should be a convenient location. A garden is a lot more fun if you are walking by and seeing it all the time. Um, you need to decide what kind of containers you want, or, in my case, I used wooden boxes.
M: Well, Shirley, I've noticed these vertical beams. I've never seen that before. Could you explain that to us a little bit？
W: Right here we have some cantaloupe, and cantaloupe take a lot of space when you grow them out on the ground, and I don't have that much space, so I just grow them up. I just made a metal frame, and took some string. I just allow them to grow up, and they will support themselves.
M: This is amazing. I noticed in this garden, there is a vast amount of vegetation.
W: Well, over on the far end, I have tomatoes growing vertically. In front of those I have green peppers, basil, strawberries, beets, green beans, corn, carrots and so on. Right here, as I said before, I have cantaloupe. Down at the bottom, I have some Mexican tomatoes. And down at this end, I have eggplant, another kind of pepper called banana peppers, cucumbers, okra, pumpkins...and I think that's about it.
M: I'm so impressed. I'd tike to thank you very much for having us in today to look at your garden.
(23)
A．By attending a class.
B．From her parents.
C．Through a gardening magazine.
D．From her neighbors.
W: This spring I took a square-foot gardening class, and I decided to try soma of the things I've learned. Um, one of the most important things in square-foot gardening is that you choose a good location. You need at least 6 to 8 hours of direct sunshine, You also need to choose a location that has good drainage, and it should be a convenient location. A garden is a lot more fun if you are walking by and seeing it all the time. Um, you need to decide what kind of containers you want, or, in my case, I used wooden boxes.
M: Well, Shirley, I've noticed these vertical beams. I've never seen that before. Could you explain that to us a little bit？
W: Right here we have some cantaloupe, and cantaloupe take a lot of space when you grow them out on the ground, and I don't have that much space, so I just grow them up. I just made a metal frame, and took some string. I just allow them to grow up, and they will support themselves.
M: This is amazing. I noticed in this garden, there is a vast amount of vegetation,
W: Wall, over on the far end, I have tomatoes growing vertically. In front of those I have green peppers, basil, strawberries, beets, green beans, corn, carrots and so on. Right here, as I said before, I have cantaloupe. Down at the bottom, I have some Mexican tomatoes. And down at this end, I have eggplant, another kind of pepper called banana peppers, cucumbers, okra, pumpkins...and I think that's about it.
M: I'm so impressed. I'd like to thank you very much for having us in today to look at your garden.
(23)
A．By attending a class.
B．From her parents.
C．Through a gardening magazine.
D．From her neighbors.
Question 26 to 30 are based on the following passage .
Tress should only be pruned when there is a good and clear reason for doing so and , the number of such reasons is small . Pruning involves the cutting away of overgrown and unwanted branches , and the inexperienced gardener can be encouraged by the thought that more damage results from doing it unnecessarily than from the tree to grow in its own way .
First , pruning may be done to make sure that trees have a desired shape or size . The object may be to get a tree of the right height , and at the same time to help the growth of small side branches , which will thicken its appearance or give it a special shape . Secondly , pruning may be done to make the tree heavier . You may cut out diseased or dead wood , or branches that are rubbing against each other and thus cause wounds . The health of a tree may be encouraged by removing branches that are blocking up the center and so preventing the free movement of air . One result of pruning is that an open wound is left on the tree and this provides an easy entry for disease , but it is a wound that will heal . Often there is a race between the healing and the disease as to whether the tree will live or die , so that there is a period when the tree is at risk . It should be the aim of every gardener to reduce that risk of death as far as possible . It is essential to make the area , which has been pruned smooth , and clean , for healing will be slowed down by roughness . You should allow the cut surface to dry for a few hours and then paint it with one of the substances available from garden shops especially for this purpose . Pruning is usually done in winter , for then you can see the shape of the tree clearly without interference from the leaves and also it is very unlikely that the cuts you make will bleed . If this does happen , it is , of course , impossible to paint them properly .
26. Pruning should be done to _____.
A)make the tree grow taller . B) does not protect them form. the wind
C)get rid of the small branches D) make the small branches thicker .
27. Trees become unhealthy if the gardener_______
A)allows too many branches to grow in the middle
B)does not protect them from the wind
C)forces them grow too quickly
D)damages some of the small side branches.
28 . Why is a special substance painted on the tree ？
A)to make a wound smooth .
B)to prevent disease entering a wound .
C)to cover a rough surface .
D) to help a wound to dry .
29. A good gardener prunes tree ____
A) at intervals throughout the year
B) as quickly as possible
C) occasionally when necessary
D) regularly every winter
30 . What was the author’s purpose when writing this passage ？
A)to give practical instruction for pruning a tree
B)to give a gardener description of pruning
C)to explain how trees develop disease
D)to discuss different methods of pruning
A.A. what they grow
B.B. that they grow
C.C. how they grow
D.D. which they grow
(b) Explain how the non-payment of contributions and the change in the pension benefits should be treated in
the financial statements of Savage for the year ended 31 October 2005. (4 marks)
A.why
B.how
C.where
D.that
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