Given that 8 percent of food crops grows faster on farms using groundwater than the aquife

Given that 8 percent of food crops grows faster on farms using groundwater

than the aquifers are replenished, and many large rivers are so heavily diverted

that they do not reach the sea for much of the year, researchers believe

freshwater sources--underground aquifers and rivers--are stressed. Better

(5) management of soil and water and creative cropping patterns can boost

production from rainfall-watered cropland, but the heaviest burden will fall on

irrigated land. At present, most farmers irrigate their crops by channeling

water down their fields in parallel furrows.

One alternative, drip systems, enables farmers to deliver water directly to

(10) the plants' roots drop by drop, nearly eliminating waste by distributing water at

low pressure through a network of perforated plastic tubing installed on or

below the surface of the soil, where it then emerges through small holes at a

slow but steady pace. Because the plants enjoy an ideal moisture environment,

drip irrigation usually offers the added bonus of higher crop yields. Another

(15) alternative, sprinklers, can perform. almost as well as drip methods when

designed properly, but traditional high-pressure irrigation sprinklers spray

water high into the air to cover as large a land area as possible, and the more

time the water spends in the air, the more of it evaporates before use.

Despite the payoffs, the higher costs of these technologies relative to

(20) simple flooding methods have been a barrier to their spread, and so has the

prevalence of national water policies that discourage rather than foster efficient

water use. Many governments have set very low prices for publicly supplied

irrigation, leaving farmers with little motivation to invest in ways to conserve

water or to improve efficiency and most authorities have also failed to regulate

(25) groundwater pumping, even in regions where aquifers are over-tapped.

Therefore, farmers might be inclined to conserve their own water supplies if

they could profit from selling the surplus, but this practice is often discouraged.

Efforts aside from irrigation technologies are also conducive to the

reduction of agricultural demand for water; for instance, measurements of

(30) climate factors such as temperature and precipitation can be fed into a computer

that calculates how much water a typical plant is consuming, and farmers can

use this figure to determine, quite accurately, when and how much to irrigate

their particular crops throughout the growing season. But the most effective, if

unlikely way, to do more with less water is to reconfigure our diets, especially

(35) the typical North American diet, which, with its large share of animal products,

requires twice as much water as diets common in many Asian and some

European countries. Eating lower on the food chain could allow the same

volume of water to feed two Americans instead of one, and despite the resultant

loss of nutrition, this may be the only recourse for countries serious about

(40) reducing their aquifer strain.

The primary purpose of the passage is to

A．expose the fragile ecological conditions which modern irrigation technologies must ameliorate

B．argue that new irrigation technologies would ultimately be less efficient than a reconfiguration of the North American diet

C．argue that efficient water-use is dependent upon a mixture of various modern methods

D．provide an overall view of possible methods for lessening the strain on sources of freshwater

E．describe the cycle by which aquifers are depleted and then replenished through technology