题目内容
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Placebos may be harmful, because they may be used by ______.
A．doctors
B．false doctors or deceivers
C．researchers
D．scientists
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更多“Placebos may be harmful, because they may be used by ______.A．doctorsB．false doctors or de”相关的问题
Doctors who prescribe placebos are ______.
A．risking harm to their patients
B．prolonging their patients' agonies
C．curing over 50 percent of serious diseases
D．helping their patients psychologically
Section B
Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice.
The field of medicine has always attracted its share of quacks (庸医；江湖医生). The masons why quackery thrives even in modern times are not hard to find. To begin with, pain seems to be a chronic human condition. A person who suffers from some illness for a long time will pay any amount of money for the promise of relief. Second, even the best medical treatment can not cure all the ills. Third, many people lack the training necessary to evaluate medical claims. However, most remedies sold by quacks are not only useless, but often can be harmful to the user as well. By far the most potent reason that quack medicines still are sold around the world has to do with the power of "mind over matter". Your brain is the master organ of your body: It regulates all the chemical processes that keep you alive and well. When you become depressed and lose hope, your autonomic nervous system (植物神经系统) slows down these bodily processes and retards your chances of getting well. When you have hope and faith, these processes are speeded up. You are thus likely to recover even from the most dreadful diseases.
The doctor who can convince the patients of their recovery cures more patients than the one whose behavior. causes patients to lose faith in themselves. If a patient mistakenly believes that his condition can be cured by taking a drug of some kind, most physicians are happy to give him a placebo. The placebo does no harm at all, but it may so help the patient psychologically that the person's pain diminishes and the patient may actually recover much faster than without taking the pill. Indeed, placebos may even have a physiological effect.
All of the following are masons why quacks continue to do business Except that ______.
A．people who are in pain will often pay any amount of money for the promise of relief
B．the average person is not trained to evaluate medical claims and diagnoses
C．although their remedies may not cure a disease, quacks nevertheless do not harm their patients
D．quacks convince patients that they can help them
Section B
Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice.
Should doctors ever lie to benefit their patients – to speed recovery or to conceal the approach of death？ In medicine as in law, government, and other lines of work, the requirements of honesty often seem dwarfed by greater needs: the need shelter from brutal news or to uphold a promise of secrecy; to expose corruption or to promote the public interest.
What should doctors say, for example, to a 46-year-old man coming for a routine physical checkup just before going on vacation with his family who, though he feels in perfect health, is found to have a form. of cancer that will cause him to die within six months？ Is it best to tell him the truth？ If he asks, should the doctors deny that he is ill, or minimize the gravity of the prognosis？ Should they at least conceal the truth until after the family vacation？
Doctors confront such choices often and urgently. At times, they see important reasons to lie for the patient's own sake; in their eyes, such lies differ sharply from self-serving ones.
Studies show that most doctors sincerely believe that the seriously ill do not want to know the truth about their condition, and that informing them risks destroying their hope, so that they may recover more slowly, or deteriorate faster, perhaps even commit suicide. As one physician wrote: "Ours is a profession which traditionally has been guided by a precept that transcends the virtue of uttering the truth for troth's sake, and that is 'as far as possible do no harm' ."
Armed with such a precept, a number of doctors may slip into deceptive practices that they assume will "do no harm" and may well help their patients. They may prescribe innumerable placebos, sound more encouraging than the facts warrant, and distort grave news, especially to the incurably iii and the dying.
But the illusory nature of the benefits such deception is meant to bestow is now coming to be documented. Studies show that, contrary to the belief of many physicians, an overwhelming majority of patients do want to be told the truth, even about grave illness, and feel betrayed when they learn that they have been misled. We are also learning that truthful information, humanely conveyed, helps patients cope with illness: helps them tolerate pain better, need less medication, and even recover faster after surgery.
Not only do lies not provide the "help" hoped for by advocates of benevolent deception: they invade the autonomy of patients and make them unable to decide on informed choices concerning their health.
The following are greater needs than honesty, except for ______.
A．the need to shelter from brutal news of serious illness
B．the need to uphold a promise of secrecy
C．the need to go on vacation
D．the need to promote public interest
What would doctors say, for example, to a 46-year-old man coming in for a routine physical checkup just before going on vacation with his family who, though he feels in perfect health, is found to have a form. of cancer that will cause him to die within six months？ Is it best to tell him the truth？ If he asks, should the doctors deny that he is ill, or minimize the gravity of the illness？ Should they at least conceal the truth until after the family vacation？
Doctors confront such choices often and urgently. At times, they see important reasons to lie for the patient's own sake; in their eyes, such lies differ sharply from self-serving ones.
Studies show that most doctors sincerely believe that the seriously ill do not want to know the truth about their condition, and that informing them risks destroying their hope, so that they may recover more slowly, or deteriorate faster, perhaps even commit suicide, As one physician wrote: "ours is a profession which traditionally has been guided by a precept that transcends the virtue of uttering the truth for truth's sake, and that is as for as possible do harm."
Armed with such precept, a number of doctors my slip into deceptive practices that they assume will "do no harm" and may will help their patients. They may prescribe innumerable placebos, sound more encouraging than the facts warrant, and distort grave news, especially to the incurably ill and the dying.
But the illusory nature of the benefits such deception is meant to produce is now coming to be documented. Studies show that, contrary to the belief of many physicians, an overwhelming majority of patients do want to be told the truth, even about grave illness, and feel betrayed when they learn that they have been misled. We are also learning that truthful information, humanely conveyed, helps patients cope with illness: helps them tolerate pain better, need less medicine, and even recover faster after surgery.
Not only do lies not provide the "help" hoped for by advocates of benevolent deception; they invade the autonomy of patients and render them unable to make informed choices concerning their own health, including the choice of whether to be a patient in the first place. We are becoming increasingly aware of all that can befall patients in the course of their illness when information is denied or distorted.
Dying patients especially—who are easiest to mislead and most often kept in the dark—can then not make decision about the end of life: about whether or not they should enter a hospital, or have surgery; about where and with whom they should spend their remaining time; about how they should bring their affairs to close and take leave.
Lies also do harm to those who tell them: harm to their integrity and, in the long run, to their credibility. Lies hurt their colleagues as well. The suspicion of deceit undercuts the work of the many doctors who are scrupulously honest with their patients; it contributes to the spiral of lawsuits and of "defensive medicine," and thus it injure, in turn, the entire medical profession.
Sharp conflicts are now arising. Patients are learning to press for answers. Patients' bills of rights require that they be informed about their condition and about alternatives for treatment. Many doctors go to great eloquent bill of rights, believers in benevolent deception continue their age-old practices. Colleagues may disapprove but refrain from objecting. Nurses may bitterly resent having to take part, day after day, in deceiving patients, but feel powerless to ta
A．why doctors don't always tell the truth
B．the benefits of not knowing the seriousness of an illness
C．the question of whether patients should be told the truth about their illnesses
D．the circumstances in which a person should not be told the truth
Using placebos to test drugs sometimes has a surprising result. Researchers say people taking the placebo often report improvements in their health. This is known as "the placebo effect"--pain that is eased or stopped by an inactive substance. In such testing, the drug must perform. better than the placebo to prove that it is effective.
Doctors have reported that the placebo effect can be used in treatment. For example, a doctor tells a patient that a new drug will stop the pain in his leg. The pill is only sugar. But the patient does not know that. He takes the pill and says his pain is gone.
Scientists are beginning to discover some physical reasons for this reaction in some people. They are learning that much of what people believe to be true comes from what the brain expects is going to happen. If the brain believes a drug will ease pain, the brain may begin physical changes in the body that can cause the expected effect. A recent examination of studies on drugs for depression found that placebos eased the depression about as well as the active drugs.
Other studies have explored the power of placebos. A study in Japan involved thirteen
people who reacted to the poison ivy (常青藤)plant. Poison-ivy causes red itchy sores(伤痕)on some people who touch it. Each person was rubbed on one arm with a harmless leaf, but was told it was poison ivy. Each person was then touched on the other arm with poison ivy, but was told it was a harmless leaf. All thirteen people developed a reaction on the arm where the harmless leaf touched their skin. Only two reacted to the poison ivy leaves.
Doctors and scientists worry that the use of placebos may not always be harmless. They say people can become victims of false doctors and others who use placebos to claim they can cure disease.
What do medical researchers usually use to make placebo pills？
A．Ivy leaves.
B．Harmless leaves.
C．Medicine being tested.
D．sugar.
A、It may help patients fall asleep
B、It may lead to mental problems
C、It may cause serious harm to ones liver.
D、It may increase the effect of certain drugs
第三篇
Many science reports discuss medical studies that test the effect of a new drug. Usually, a large number of people is divided into two groups. Each group takes a different substance. But no one knows which group is getting which substance. One group takes the medicine being tested. Another group takes what we call an inactive substance. Medical researchers call this substance a "placebo." The word "placebo" is Latin for "I shall please." Placebo pills(宽心丸)usually are made of sugar.
Using placebos to test drugs sometimes has a surprising result. Researchers say people taking the placebo often report improvements in their health. This is known as "the placebo effect"--pain that is eased or stopped by an inactive substance. In such testing, the drug must perform. better than the placebo to prove that it is effective.
Doctors have reported that the placebo effect can be used in treatment. For example, a doctor tells a patient that a new drug will stop the pain in his leg. The pill is only sugar. But the patient does not know that. He takes the pill and says his pain is gone.
Scientists are beginning to discover some physical reasons for this reaction in some people. They are learning that much of what people believe to be true comes from what the brain expects is going to happen. If the brain believes a drug will ease pain, the brain may begin physical changes in the body that can cause the expected effect. A recent examination of studies on drugs for depression found that placebos eased the depression about as well as the active drugs.
Other studies have explored the power of placebos. A study in Japan involved thirteen
people who reacted to the poison ivy (常青藤)plant. Poison-ivy causes red itchy sores(伤痕)on some people who touch it. Each person was rubbed on one arm with a harmless leaf, but was told it was poison ivy. Each person was then touched on the other arm with poison ivy, but was told it was a harmless leaf. All thirteen people developed a reaction on the arm where the harmless leaf touched their skin. Only two reacted to the poison ivy leaves.
Doctors and scientists worry that the use of placebos may not always be harmless. They say people can become victims of false doctors and others who use placebos to claim they can cure disease.
What do medical researchers usually use to make placebo pills？
A. Ivy leaves.
B. Harmless leaves.
C. Medicine being tested.
D. sugar.
A．It's ugly.
B．It's expensive.
C．It does harm to the skin.
D．It may drop off his head anytime.
Copyright of music may harm the majority of performers in that it
A．in fact protects a few celebrities.
B．covers the creations of most people.
C．well-known people.
D．unclearness.
A．Electronic equipment may invade our private life.
B．Electronic equipment may harm our health.
C．Electronic equipment may affect children's study.
D．Electronic equipment may affect family relationship.
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