Formal groups tend to form around friendships and common int..

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第1题

Social control refers to social processes, planned or unplanned, by which people are taugh

t, persuaded, or forced to conform. to norms. In every society, some punishments or negative sanctions are established for deviant behavior. Without deviant behavior. there would not be need for social control and without social control there would not be a way of recognizing the boundary between the acceptable and the unacceptable.

Social control may be either formal or informal. Informal mechanisms include expressions of disapproval by significant others and withholding of positive rewards for disapproved behavior. Most people internalize norms in the course of socialization. This is any group's most powerful protection against deviance, in that the individual's own conscience operates as an agent of social control. When informal sanctions fail, formal agents of social control may be called upon. In contemporary society, such formal agents and agencies include psychiatry and other mental health professions; mental hospitals; police and courts of law; prisons; and social welfare agencies. All these formal agents function to limit, correct, and control violation of norms. Conflict theorists would also point out that social control agents and systems tend, in any society, to serve the interests of powerful groups and to enforce the norms most beneficial to those who make the rules and who, therefore, define unacceptable behavior.

Social control, whether formal or informal, has a dual function. First, it punishes the wrongdoer and reaffirms the boundaries of acceptable behavior. Second, and less recognized, it regulates the manner in which deviants are treated.

Social control refers to processes by which______.

A．norms are developed

B．norms are enforced

C．people are educated and trained

D．people are rewarded and punished

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第2题

In the same key, Lionel Tiger, a Canadian anthropo...

In the same key, Lionel Tiger, a Canadian anthropologist, the author of the book “Men in Groups,” states that men have inherited from distant ancestors the irreducible propensity to form groups, and this propensity has become a kind of “backbone” of human communities. Initially, these groups were designed for hunting activities. Later, with the disappearance of the need to hunt, groups were formed based on other motivations. Through this ancestral group psychology one can explain why men from contemporary societies tend to join teams of fans, gangs, closed clubs, religious sects, militant coalitions, etc. On the other hand, female coalitions are almost nonexistent.Of all the studied cultures, rarely were “gangs of women” identified,while “gangs of men” can be found everywhere [Potts, 2006].What is the cause of this phenomenon？ First of all,women didn’t have the aggressive and defensive motivation that men have, which would require the creation of militant groups. Their physical condition and mission of “future mothers” didn’t allow them to engage in acts of aggression and defense.

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第3题

Divorce doesn't necessarily make adults happy. But toughing it out in an unhappy marriage

until it turns around just might do, a new study says.

The research identified happy and unhappy spouses, culled(选出) from a national database. Of the unhappy partners who divorced, about half were happy five years later. But unhappy spouses who stuck it out often did better. About two-thirds were happy five years later. Study results contradict what seems to be common sense, says David Blankenhorn of the Institute for American Values, a think-tank on the family. The institute helped sponsor the research team based at the University of Chicago. Findings will be presented in Arlington, Va., at the "Smart Marriage" conference, sponsored by the Coalition for Marriage, Families and Couples Education.

The study looked at data on 5,232 married adults from the National Survey of Families and Households. It included 645 who were unhappy. The adults in the national sample were analyzed through 13 measures of psychological well-being. Within the five years, 167 of the unhappy were divorced or separated and 478 stayed married.

Divorce didn't reduce symptoms of depression, raise self-esteem or increase a sense of mastery compared with those who stayed married, the report says. Results were controlled for factors including race, age, gender and income. Staying married did not tend to trap unhappy spouses in violent relationships. What helped the unhappy married turn things around？ To supplement the formal study data, the research team asked professional firms to recruit focus groups totaling 55 adults who were "marriage survivors". All had moved from unhappy to happy marriages. These 55 once-discontented married felt their unions got better via one of three routes, the report says:

Marital endurance. "With time, job situations improved, children got older or better, or chronic ongoing problems got put into new perspective." Partners did not work on their marriages.

Marital work. Spouses actively worked "to solve problems, change behavior. or improve communication".

Personal change. Partners found "alternative ways to improve their own happiness and build a good and happy life despite a mediocre marriage." In effect, the unhappy partner changed.

According to David Blankenhorn, people commonly believe that ______.

A．divorce is a better solution to an unhappy marriage than staying together

B．divorce is not necessarily the only solution to an unhappy marriage

C．keeping an unhappy marriage needs much courage and endurance

D．to end an unhappy marriage or net is a tough decision for the spouses

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第4题

影响自尊的四个方面的因素有：Argyle believes there are 4 major factors that influence self-esteem.（）

A、THE REACTION OF OTHERS. If people admire us, flatter us, seek out our company, listen attentively and agree with us we tend to develop a positive self-image. If they avoid us, neglect us, tell us things about ourselves that we don’t want to hear we develop a negative self-image.

B、COMPARISON WITH OTHERS. If the people we compare ourselves with (our reference group) appear to be more successful, happier, richer, better looking than ourselves we tend to develop a negative self-image BUT if they are less successful than us our image will be positive.

C、SOCIAL ROLES. Some social roles carry prestige e.g. doctor, airline pilot, TV. presenter, premiership footballer and this promotes self-esteem. Other roles carry stigma. E.g. prisoner, mental hospital patient, refuse collector or unemployed person.

D、IDENTIFICATION. Roles aren’t just “out there.” They also become part of our personality i.e. we identity with the positions we occupy, the roles we play and the groups we belong to.

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第5题

Part BListening ComprehensionDirections: In this part of the test there will be some short

Part B Listening Comprehension

Directions: In this part of the test there will be some short talks and conversations. After each one, you will be asked some questions. The talks, conversations and questions will be spoken ONLY ONCE. Now listen carefully and choose the right answer to each question you have heard and write the letter of the answer you have chosen in the corresponding space in your ANSWER BOOKLET.

听力原文：Man: Today we begin our series on "Traditional Dress throughout the World". Our journey takes us to the little island nation of Sri Lanka. Shanika DeSilva, a native Sri Lankan now living in the United States, shares some interesting thoughts on traditional dress in her home country.

Man: Shanika, thanks for speaking with us today.

Woman: My pleasure.

Man: First of all, I'd like to ask you what is the traditional clothing in Sri Lanka？

Woman: Well, the traditional clothing for women is a sari, a long piece of cloth that is wrapped around your waist, and then it goes over your shoulder. Most of the older women, like my grandmother, wear a sari every day, all the time. The younger women tend to wear dresses or pants or something.

Man: Why don't the younger women wear saris？

Woman: Well, I guess some of them feel that saris are uncomfortable. I've heard women say that saris are hot and difficult to walk in because they're long. Also, if you're not used to wearing a sari, you might feel afraid that it will come unraveled. It's hard to relax in that situation. Also, many younger women think saris are old-fashioned. When you're younger, you're more interested in being stylish. Saris are great for formal occasions, like weddings, but if you're going out with your friends, you want to be more modern.

Man: So the younger women want to be more modern.

Woman: Actually I shouldn't say all the younger women. It depends a lot on your family history. Yon see there are two main groups of people in Sri Lanka-the Sinhalese and the Tamils. Then there are some other ethnic groups, like the Sri Lankans, who are part European. The women who are part European tend to be more modern. But the women who are Sinhalese or Tamil tend to be more traditional.

Man: Why are the Sinhalese and Tamils more traditional？

Woman: It's their culture. Well, in the past, the Sri Lankans that were part European had relatives who wore Western clothing, so they were used to Western dress. The Sinhalese and Tamils didn't have that.

Man: So you're saying that previous family history can influence the way you dress.

Woman: Yes, I think so.

Man: We've been talking about what women wear. It is said the traditional dress of men in Sri Lanka is sarong, a long piece of cloth that's wrapped around the waist. Do they still wear it？

Woman: People who live in rural areas, in the country, still wear sarongs. But in the city, it's only the politicians who wear them. People who have office jobs in downtown Colombo wear pants and shirts and even ties. They only wear sarongs to relax at home.

Man: Why don't they wear traditional clothes？

Woman: I think, personally, that it's a result of being colonized. You see... Sri Lanka used to be ruled by the British from... er... 1815 to 1948. Since the men were the ones who went to work, they had to adapt to the kind of clothes the British were wearing at work. The women, on the other hand, didn't leave the house, so they hung on to the traditional form. of dress.

Man: Interesting! But what about the men who are politicians？ You said before that they still wear traditional dress.

Woman: Yeah... I think that's also a result of colonization. You see, after the British left, people wanted to show that they're proud of their culture and their new independence. To show their pride, a lot of politicians who used to wear a suit to work, started to wear a sarong.

Man: So it sounds as if political changes in Sri Lanka have influenced the way politicians dress.

Woman: That's r

A．It is neither a relaxing nor stylish wear.

B．It will come off frequently in walking.

C．It is old-fashioned as it is only worn by old women.

D．It will bring great difficulty to dally work.

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第6题

As in the courtroom, the most formal or ritualistic parts of a legal document or speech event only tend to occur at the start.

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第7题

Since the persuasive documents do use fairly formal standard English, they tend to be especially formulaic or legalistic in language.

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第8题

Americans tend to use others' family names______.A．in the work placeB．when writing letters

Americans tend to use others' family names______.

A．in the work place

B．when writing letters

C．on formal occasions

D．when making phone calls

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第9题

50 We are thus led to distinguish, within the broad educational process which we have been

so far considering, a more formal kind of education -- that of direct tuition or schooling. In undeveloped social groups, we find very little formal teaching and training. These groups mainly rely for instilling needed dispositions into the young upon the same sort of association which keeps the adults loyal to their group.

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第10题

A ______ is a formal or official agreement made between persons, groups, institutions or s

tates.

A．contract

B．contact

C．contrast

D．contest

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