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A．talented
B．coordinated
C．specialized
D．multiplied
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更多“Now, commercial farmers have become increasingly ______ so that almost everything consumed”相关的问题
听力原文： One of the most popular myths about the United States in the 19th century was that of the free and simple life of the farmers. It was said that the farmers worked hard on their own land to produce whatever their families needed. They might sometimes trade with their neighbors, but in general they could get along just fine by relying on themselves, not on commercial ties with others. This was how Thomas Jefferson idealized the farmers at the beginning of the 19th century. And at that time, this might have been close to the truth especially on the frontier. But by the mid century sweeping changes in agriculture were well underway as farmers began to specialize in raising crops such as cotton or corn or wheat. By late in the century, revolutionary advances in farm machinery have vastly increased production of specialized crops and an extensive network of railroads had linked farmers throughout the country to markets in the east. By raising and selling specialized crops, farmers could afford more and finer goods and achieve a much higher standard of living but at a price. Now farmers are no longer dependent just on the weather and their own effort, their lives are increasingly controlled by banks, which have the power to grant or deny loans for new machinery, and by the railroads, which set the rates for shipping their crops to the market. As businessmen, farmers now have to worry about national economic depressions and the influence of world supply and demand on, for example, the price of wheat in Kansas. By the end of the 19th century, the era of Jefferson's independent farmer had come to a close.
What is the main topic of the talk？
A．Jefferson's views about commercialized agriculture.
B．International trade in the nineteenth century.
C．Improvements in farm machinery in the United States.
D．Farmers' loss of independence.
What is the main topic of the talk？
A．Jefferson's views about commercialized agriculture.
B．International trade in the nineteenth century.
C．Improvements in farm machinery in the United States.
D．Farmers' loss of independence.
听力原文： One of the most popular myths about the United States in the 19th Century was that of the free and simple life of the farmer. It was said that the farmers worked hard on their own land to produce whatever their families needed. They might sometimes trade with their neighbors, but in general they could get along just fine by relying on themselves, not on commercial ties with others. This is how Thomas Jefferson idealized the farmer at the beginning of the 19th century. And at that time, this may have been close to the truth, especially on the frontier. But by the mid-century, sweeping changes in agriculture were well underway as farmers began to specialize in the raising of crops such as cotton or corn or wheat. By late in the century, revolutionary advances in farm machinery had vastly increased production of specialized crops and an extensive network of railroads had linked farmers throughout the country to markets in the east and even overseas. By raising and selling specialized crops, farmers could afford more and finer goods and achieve a much higher standard of living.
Now farmers were no longer dependent just on the weather and on their own efforts, their lives were increasingly controlled by banks, which had power to grant or deny loans for new machinery, and by the railroads which set the rates for shipping their crops to market. As businessmen, farmers now had to worry about national economic depressions and the influence of world supply and demand on the price of wheat. So by the end of the 19th century, the era of Jefferson's independent farmer had come to a close.
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A．Improvements in farm machinery in the United States.
B．Farmers' loss of independence.
C．Jefferson's views about commercialized agriculture.
D．International trade in the nineteenth century.
The Farm Credit System is not strictly a bank. It is a peculiar animal, a federation of 37 banks (three in each of 12 regions and one to sell bonds to Wall Street) containing 387 lending associations, owned by the farmers who borrow from them. It was set up by the federal government in the early years of the century to give farmers an alternative source of credit to the banks, but has long ago paid off any federal debts and so, in theory, is now independent.
The system got into trouble by lending too readily in farming's good times, the 1970s, as land prices rose and farm profits grew. Total farm debt quadrupled between 1970 and 1984. Farmers flocked to the Farm Credit System because its interest rates, based on a moving average, lagged behind those of the market. But the falling profits and falling land prices of the early 1980s coincided with raising interest rates, putting many farmers in difficulty. When interest rates began to fall, the moving average responded slowly, so many farmers found themselves paying well above market rates for their loans. They promptly refinanced them with other banks. Even as its bad debts grew (they are now $ 7 billion), the Farm Credit System's loans shrank, from over $ 80 billion to about $ 50 billion today.
In May the system went to Congress and asked for $ 6 billion to see it through its present crisis. Although the worst losses are past, at least two of the banks in the system will have run out of capital altogether by the end of the year. Congress has reacted some impatience, for this was the third request for help in three years, though admittedly the first two had not been for money. In 1985 the Farm Credit System was allowed to share a capital between its banks, so that its rich members could bail out its poor ones. In 1986 it asked to be allowed to fiddle its accounts so as to defer losses. Congress, to its shame, agreed. The first measure helped little, because the shareholders of the richer banks sued to stop their money being used to help the poorer. The second measure simply stored up trouble for the future. Now the system needs dollars soon.
This time, however, Congress has demanded changes in the way the system is run. Mr. Charles Stenholm, a Democrat from Texas, wants to fuse the 37 banks into seven and devolve the lending and rate-setting powers to the 387 local lending associations, thus cutting out some of the bureaucratic overlaps (accounts are audited three times, for example). The shareholders would almost certainly sue. But the threat has concentrated the minds of the system's directors, who have produced a plan for cutting the system's 12 districts to six with one bank in each.
The bill before the House of Representatives (the Senate is still working on its version) would, in return for such changes, put in place a federally controlled organization that would seek money to stave off bankruptcy, as necessary. It would also throw commercial banks a present by creating a secondary market in farm mortgages, nicknamed Farmer Mac; this would, in effect, pass on some of the benefits of a bail-out to the private banks.
Representative John Dingell of Michigan threatened to fight this on the floor of the House and rolled out some big guns, including the chairman of the Federal Reserve Board, Mr. Alan Greenspan, and his predecessor, Mr. Paul Volcker, to try to stop it. The secondary market would enable the banks to take away the system's best loans, they said,
A．Agriculture history of America.
B．Conflicts between farmers and creditors.
C．Means of expanding farming.
D．Help for the Farm Credit System.
Cheese is perhaps the first food to be manufactured that is currently
consumed by humans. The oldest written records have references to cheese S1.______
as a food. Today, cheese is available in an almost numerable variety of
kinds, flavors and consistencies. Cheese is made by many different races of S2.______
people under wide varying conditions all over tide face of the earth. And the S3.______
peoples who eat it like the various flavors and consistencies produced. S4.______
For the better understanding of the art and sciences of cheese-making S5.______
one needs to know what kind of product it is and how the manufacturer pro-
cedures developed over the years. Even though the varieties differ quite
widely in composition, cheese can be characterized as a product made from S6.______
milk in that the protein is coagulated and concentrated. S7.______
For centuries, cheese-making has been a farm and home industry with
the individual producers using surplus milk to make small batches of
cheese. Goat cheese making in the US still follows this general practice. It S8.______
was, and still is to a considerate degree, an art; since the middle of
the 19th century, however, more and more cheese has been made in specially
equipped factories with greater application of science in the manufacturing
procedure. Milk from all species has been used for cheese making. Be- S9.______
cause more attention has been given with increasing the productivity of the
bovine species, a large proportion of commercial cheese is now made from S10.______
cow milk; the milk from the buffalo, zebu, sheep and goats is also used extensively.
【S1】
How do butterfly ranches and farms operate？ One pioneering project developed by the government of Papua New Guinea encouraged farmers to take part in commercial exploitation of a renewable resource--insects. In the 1970s, government officials became aware that expatriates involved in the commercial collection of insects were enlisting the aid of local farmers who lived adjacent to rainforest habitats. The farmers were paid a small fraction of the market value of the specimens. The government was determined to change this state of affairs to ensure the locals received a larger share of the profit. So the expatriates were expelled from the country, and the Insect Fanning and Trading Agency was born. Most of the trade managed by the IFTA consists of wild-caught insects from rain forests.
In the case of wild-caught butterflies, the majority captured by IFTA collectors are males due to behavioral differences between the sexes. (Males aggregate along river banks to imbibe sodium and are easier to capture.) Because males mate more than once, as long as the harvest of wild populations has the expected skewed sex ratio, the impact of collecting is minimal relative to naturally occurring predation. Now the IFTA controls all trade in insect specimens and has fostered a program of butterfly ranching to encourage protection of remnant rainforest habitats in the vicinity of a farm or village.
The basic principle behind butterfly ranching is diversification of crops in a small garden plot to include the host-plants on which caterpillars feed. Only a small fraction of these larval host-plants are known to science. The main "research and development" activity of butterfly ranchers is discovering unknown host-plants through careful observation of egg-laying female butterflies. Once the host of a particular species is known, it can be cultivated in the garden near the edge of the rain forest to attract egg-laying females. If the natural concentration of a particular plant species is one per square mile of rain forest, and a farmer plants several dozen of the species, the result is a dense concentration of caterpillars in a short time. Butterfly ranching thus involves artificial manipulation of the natural density of caterpillar host-plants.
Additionally, flowering plants, such as Hibiscus and Lantana, attract female butterflies, which need the nectar to renew their energy reserves after a bout of egg-laying. After the caterpillars mature, they are harvested and removed to cages for pupation. The IFTA sends out advisors to instruct villagers in butterfly husbandry techniques. Many farmers have learned that they can sell butterflies to supplement their income if they protect the remnant patches of rain forest that form. a reservoir for this renewable resource.
Along with the studies of butterflies, ______ emerges.
A．academy's newest exhibit
B．a model organism
C．a farm
D．a new business
A．frugal
B．careful
C．economic
D．thrift
A.he doesnt have much work to do now
B.he is unable to work because of the pain
C.he has found someone to help him on the farm
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