Human migrations (迁徙) within recorded history have transformed the entire character of lands and continents and the composition of their racial, ethnic and language groups. The map of Europe, for example, is the product of several major early migrations involving the Germanic peoples, the Slavs, and the Turks. The overseas migration of Europeans during this period totaled about 60 million people. The largest migration in history has been called the Great Atlantic Migration from Europe to North A

第1题

Human migrations （迁移) within recorded history have transformed the entire character of l

Human migrations (迁移) within recorded history have transformed the entire character of lands and continents and the composition of their racial, ethnic and language groups. The map of Europe, for example, is the product of several major early migrations involving the Germanic peoples, the Slaves, and the Turks. The overseas migration of Europeans during this period totaled about 60 million people.

The largest migration in history has been called the Great Atlantic Migration from Europe to North America, the first major wave of which began in the 1840's with mass movements from Ireland and Germany. In the 1880's, a second and larger wave developed from eastern and southern Europe; between 1880 and 1910 some 17 million Europeans entered the United States. The total number of Europeans reaching tile United States amounted to 37 million between 1820 and 1980. From 1801 to 1914 about 7.5 million people moved from Europe to Asiatic Russia, and between World War I and II about 6 million more chose to move there, not counting the vast number of deportees (被遗返回国者) who were forced to go to Siberia's labor camps. Since World War Ⅱ the largest migrations have involved groups from developing countries moving to the industrialized nations. Some 13 million people moved across borders to become permanent residents of Western Europe from the 1960's through the 1980's, and more than 10 million permanent immigrants were admitted Legally to the United States in that same period, with illegal immigration adding several millions more.

Slave migrations and mass expulsions (排斥) also have been part of human history for thousands of years. The largest slave migrations were probably those compelled by European slave traders operating in Africa from the 16th to the 19th century; perhaps 20 million slaves were taken to the America, though a large number died in terrible conditions of the trip across the Atlantic Ocean. The largest mass expulsions have probably been those imposed by Nazi Germany, which deported 7 to 8 million persons during World War Ⅱ. The major trend in internal migration during the 20th century has been the movement from rural to urban areas. As a consequence, urban growth since World War II has been very rapid in much of the world, particularly in developing countries.

What is the main idea of the passage？

A．The map of Europe is the product of several major early migrations.

B．Human migrations within recorded history have changed the world.

C．The overseas migration of Europeans totaled about 60 million people.

D．The first major wave of migration began in the 1840's.

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第2题

Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage？A．The climate in recorded huma

Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage？

A．The climate in recorded human history has generally remained stable.

B．The climate from about 135,000 to 115,000 years ago was in an extremely cold state.

C．The human race has been lucky to have enjoyed the most favorable period Of climate for them to build a socio-economic system.

D．The evidences scientists collected from the ice cores suggest that a civilization cannot have arisen in the period from about 135,000 to 115,000 years ago.

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第3题

When does history begin？ It is tempting to reply 'hi the beginning", but like many obvious

answers, this soon turns out to be unhelpful. As a great Swiss historian once pointed out in another connection, history is the one subject where you cannot begin at the beginning, ff we want to, we can trace the chain of human descent back to the appearance of vertebrates, or even to the photosynthetic cells which lie at the start of life itself. We can go back further still, to almost unimaginable upheavals which formed this planet and even to the origins of the universe. Yet this is not "history".

Commonsense helps here: history is the story of mankind, of what it has done, suffered or enjoyed. We all know that dogs and cats do not have histories, while human beings do. Even when historians write about a natural process beyond human control, such as the ups and downs of climate, or the spread of disease, they do so only because it helps us to understand why men and women have lived (and died) in some ways rather than others.

This suggests that all we have to do is to identify the moment at which the first human beings step out from the shadows of the remote past. It is not quite as simple as that, though. We have to know what we are looking for first and most attempts to define humanity on the basis of observable characteristics prove in the end arbitrary and cramping, as long arguments about "apemen" and "missing links" have shown. Physiological tests help us to classify data but do not identify what is or is not human. That is a matter of a definition about which disagreement is possible. Some people have suggested that human uniqueness lies in language, yet other primates possess vocal equipment similar to our own; when noises are made with it which are signals, at what point do they become speech？ Another famous definition is that man is a tool-maker, but observation has east doubt on our uniqueness in this respect, too, long after Dr. Johnson scoffed at Boswell for quoting it to him.

What is surely and identifiably unique about the human species is not its possession of certain faculties or physical characteristics, but what it has done with them--its achievement, or history, in fact. Humanity’s unique achievement is its remarkably intense level of activity and creativity, its cumulative capacity to create change. All animals have ways of living, some complex enough to be called cultures. Human culture alone is progressive: it has been increasingly built by conscious choice and selection within it as well as by accident and natural pressure, by the accumulation of a capital of experience and knowledge which man has exploited. Human history began when the inheritance of genetics and behavior. which had until then provided the only way of dominating the environment was first broken through by conscious choice. Of course, human beings have always only been able to make their history within limits. These limits are now very wide indeed, but they were once so narrow that it is impossible to identify the first step which took human evolution away from the determination of nature. We have for a long time only a blurred story, obscure both because the evidence is poor and because we cannot be sure exactly what we are looking for.

According to the author, when should be regarded as the beginning of human history？

A．The appearance of vertebrates.

B．The point when human beings consciously chose to do something.

C．The coming into being of the photosynthetic cells.

D．The origins of the universe.

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第4题

The following statements are true EXCEPT______.A．the largest mass expulsions have been tho

The following statements are true EXCEPT______.

A．the largest mass expulsions have been those imposed by Nazi Germany

B．the largest slave migrations were compelled by European slave traders

C．the largest migration in history has been called the Great Atlantic Migration

D．between World War Ⅰ and Ⅱ, about 6 million people migrated to Europe

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第5题

From the first four paragraphs, we can infer that the dawn of civilizationA．was accompanie

From the first four paragraphs, we can infer that the dawn of civilization

A．was accompanied by hardships of human existence.

B．is a mystery as yet unknown to mankind.

C．can be attributed to the innovative sparks of ancestors.

D．was recorded by history books ending at that time.

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第6题

Reduction in numbers of game should have boded ill for their survival in later times. A wo

rsening of the plight of deer was to be expected as settlers encroached on the land, logging, burning, and clearing, eventually replacing a wilderness landscape with roads, cities, towns, and factories. No doubt the numbers of deer declined still further. Recall the fate of the Columbian white-tailed deer, now in a protected status. But for the black-tailed deer, human pressure has had just the opposite effect. Wildlife zoologist Helmut Buechner(1953), in reviewing the nature of biotic changes in Washington through recorded time, says that "since the early 1940s, the state has had more deer than at any other time in its history, the winter population fluctuating around approximately 320,000 deer(mule and black-tailed deer), which will yield about 65,000 of either sex and any age annually for an indefinite period."

Why does the author ask readers to recall "the fate of the Columbian white-tailed deer" in the discussion of changes in the wilderness landscape？

A．To provide support for the idea that habitat destruction would lead to population decline

B．To compare how two species of deer caused biotic changes in the wilderness environment

C．To provide an example of a species of deer that has successfully adapted to human settlement

D．To argue that some deer species must be given a protected status

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第7题

In some countries where racial prejudice is acute, violence has so come to be taken for gr

anted as a means of solving differences, that it is not even questioned. There are countries where the white man imposes his rule by brute force; there are countries where the black man protests by setting fire to cities and by looting and pillaging. Important people on both sides, who would in other respects appear to be reasonable men, get up and calmly argue in favor of violence—as if it were a legitimate solution, like any other. What is really frightening, what really fills you with despair, is the realization that when it comes to the crunch, we have made no actual progress at all. We may wear collars and ties instead of war-paint, but our instincts remain basically unchanged. The whole of the recorded history of the human race, that tedious documentation of violence, has taught us absolutely nothing. We have still not learnt that violence never solves a problem but makes it more acute. The sheer horror, the bloodshed, and the suffering mean nothing. No solution ever comes to light the morning after when we dismally contemplate the smoking ruins and wonder what hit us.

The truly reasonable men who know where the solutions lie are finding it harder and harder to get a hearing. They are despised, mistrusted and even persecuted by their own kind because they advocate such apparently outrageous things as law enforcement. If half the energy that goes into violent acts were put to good use, if our efforts were directed at cleaning up the slums and ghettos, at improving living-standards and providing education and employment for all, we would have gone a long way to arriving at a solution. Our strength is sapped by having to mop up the mess that violence leaves in its wake. In a well-directed effort, it would not be impossible to fulfill the ideals of a stable social programmed. The benefits that can be derived from constructive solutions are everywhere apparent in the world around us. Genuine and lasting solutions are always possible, providing we work within the framework of the law.

Before we can even begin to contemplate peaceful co-existence between the races, we must appreciate each other's problems. And to do this, we must learn about them: it is a simple, exercise in communication, in exchanging information. "Talk, talk, talk," the advocates of violence say, "all you ever do is talk, and we are none the wiser." It's rather like the story of the famous barrister who painstakingly explained his case to the judge. After listening to a lengthy argument the judge complained that after all this talk, he was none the wiser. "Possible, my lord," the barrister replied, "none the wiser, but surely far better informed." Knowledge is the necessary prerequisite to wisdom: the knowledge that violence creates the evils it pretends to solve.

What is the best title for this passage？

A．Advocating Violence.

B．Violence Can Do Nothing to Diminish Race Prejudice.

C．Important People on Both Sides See Violence As a Legitimate Solution.

D．The Instincts of Human Race Are Thirsty for Violence.

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第8题

Part ADirections: Read the following three texts. Answer the questions on each text by cho

Part A

Directions: Read the following three texts. Answer the questions on each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.

The number killed in the Bradford City football ground disaster has risen to 52; more than 70 police and spectators have also been detained in hospital. The match was being recorded by York shire TV when the fire began. When it first broke out, a few tongues of flame could be seen under the wooden seats in the G block of the stand. Some of the spectators walked away casually from the smoke. Then suddenly the fire spread with terrifying speed, and within minutes the whole stand was in flames. Most of the spectators rushed forwards onto the pits to avoid the blaze. In the panic, sever al spectators were crushed, and police and other fans ran back to the stands to help them. The rescuers' clothes and hair could be seen bursting into flames in the intense heat.

Most of the dead were found piled up at the back of the stand, where they had run to escape from the fire. However, the gates at the back of the stand had been locked before the start of the match. This had been done to prevent people from entering without paying. Eyewitnesses spoke of fans being crushed beneath the turnstile in a desperate attempt to escape.

Throughout the day, weeping relatives trailed into hospitals and police stations looking for missing members of their families. The police are faced with the problem of identifying the victims and dental records and jewelry are being collected to help with the task.

The alarmingly quick spread of the fire was of serious concern to police and fire-brigade investigators last night. They believe that paper and other rubbish that had accumulated over the years beneath the wooden stands provided ready-made fuel for the fire.

Police think that the blaze was started by a dropped cigarette. They also found out that fire extinguishers had been removed from the stands because they had been used in the past by fans as missiles.

The tragedy is the worst in football history since 66 fans died when part of stadium collapsed in Scotland in 1971.

What might be the title of the passage？

A．Tragedy in Human History.

B．Locked Gates and Timber Stand Create Death-trap.

C．Fire in the Bradford Theatre.

D．Football Causes Great Disaster.

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第9题

During recent years we have heard much about "race": how this race does certain things and

that race believes certain things and so on. Yet, the【51】phenomenon of race consists of few surface indications.

We judge race usually from the coloring of the skin: a white race, a brown race, a yellow race and a black race. But【52】you were to remove the skin you could not tell anything about the race to which the individual belonged. There is nothing in physical structure, the brain or the internal organs to【53】a difference.

There are four types of blood. All types are found in every race, and no type is distinct to any race. Human brains are the【54】No scientists could examine a brain and tell you the race to which the individual belonged. Brains will【55】in size, but this occurs within every race.【56】does size have anything to do with intelligence. The largest brain ever examined belonged to a person of weak【57】. On the other hand, some of our most distinguished people have had【58】brains.

Mental tests which are reasonably【59】show no differences in intelligence between races. High and low test results both can be recorded by different members of any race.【60】equal educational advantages, there will be no difference in average standings, either on account of race or geographical location.

(51)

A．complete

B．full

C．total

D．whole

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第10题

A patrol team of sea lions and dolphins featured in a large-scale military exercises being

conducted by the U. S. and its allies in the Pacific Ocean. The machine (1) took part in simulated mine recovery and mine detection missions during the biennial Rim of the Pacific Exercise (RIMPAC) war games. The (2) started on June 19 and will run (3) Friday.

"There are a number of mechanical systems that work in those areas. (4) high-tech gadgets deployed by the military can't (5) the natural skills of dolphins and lions," said Tom Lapuzza, spokesman for UN Navy's Marine Mammal Program. Sea lions have "incredible good underwater (6) " and can dive down to 300 meters to catch a recovery line to a mine, he said. Dolphins use sonar to (7) mine.

Human beings have a long (8) of training animals to join the military. Horses have been the most widely-used animals (9) the recorded history of (10) . In early times, horses were used to (11) chariots or to (12) armored forces. With the development of modem weapons and motorized (13) , the use of horses for military purposes fell into (14) . (15) , horses were still used (16) by the German army during World War II for transporting (17) and equipment, including artillery.

During World War II, (18) with explosives strapped to their backs were used as anti-tank weapons. In other (19) , they were used for detecting mines. Some dogs were also used as messengers.

Other animals have also (20) in the military. Recorded history shows the use of elephants for military purposes as early as 1,100 B. C.. They were employed during World War II by both the Japanese army and the (21) .

There are records showing that over 100,000 reindeer were used by Finland to tow sleds during World War II. They carried the (22) to hospitals, brought supplies to the troops and moved heavy anti-tank weapons. It is well documented that oxen have been (23) used in war as improvised beasts of burden. During World War II, spiders were employed by the Allies to spin silk for (24) in cross-hairs on bomb scopes and other optical instruments. People also are finding that Vampire bats' ability to use echolocation is very interesting as we (25) to learn how it works and it may benefit the army.

(111)

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第11题

It is a curious phenomenon of nature that only two species practice the art of war -- men

and ants, both of which, significantly, maintain complex social organizations. This does not mean that only men and ants engage in the murder of their own kind. Many animals of the same species kill each other, but only men and ants have practiced the science of organized destruction, employing their massed numbers in violent combat and relying on strategy and tactics to meet developing situations or to take advantage of the weaknesses in the strategy and tactics of the other side.

While all entomologists (昆虫学家) are all agreed that war is instinctive with ants, it is encouraging to note that not all anthropologists (人类学家) and biologists are agreed that war is instinctive with men. Those who lean on experience, of course, find everything in man's history to indicate that war is locked up within his nature. But a broader and more generous, certainly more philosophical, view is held by those scientists who claim that evidence of a war instinct in men is incomplete and misleading, and that man does have within him the power of abolishing (废除) war. Julian Huxley, the English biologist, draws a sharp distinction between human nature and expression of human nature. Thus war is not a reflection but an expression of man's nature.

Moreover, the expression may change, as the factors which lead to war may change. "In men, as in ants, war in any serious sense is bound up with the existence of accumulations of property to fight about... As for human nature, it contains no specific war instinct, as does the nature of harvester ants. There is in man's makeup a general aggressive tendency, but this, like all other human urges, is not a specific and unvarying instinct; it can be molded (塑造) into the most varied forms."

But even if this gives us a reassuring answer to the question -- is war inevitable because of man's nature？ -- it still leaves unanswered the question concerning the causes leading up to war. The expression of man's nature will continue to be warlike if the same conditions are continued that have prompted warlike expressions in him in the past. And since man's survival on earth is now absolutely dependent on his ability to avoid a new war, he is faced with the so-far insoluble problem of eliminating those causes.

Which of the following is NOT TRUE according to the passage？

A．There are different factors which may lead to war.

B．War has been rooted in and will develop with human history.

C．Both men and ants maintain complex social organizations.

D．Only men and ants have developed and practiced the art of war.

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