必要病因（necessary cause)

A、Obesity is the necessary cause of hypertension.

B、HIV infection is the necessary cause of AIDS.

C、The propability of a disease by a necessary cause is over 95%.

D、The propability of disease by a necessary cause is less than 5%.

A.necessary

B.special

C.elementary

D.primary

A necessary cause is ______.

A．one without which it is impossible for the effect to occur

B．one of the causes that can produce the effect

C．one that is enough to make the effect occur

D．None of them.

In the last paragraph, the author cites the nutritionists' words to show that ______.

A．people in the richest countries consume more meat than that is necessary for health

B．meat consumption may cause an ecological disaster

C．nutrition in meat is not as good as other kinds of food

D．grains are wasted if people don't eat meat

Section B

Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice.

Another common type of reasoning is the search for causes and results. We want to know whether cigarettes really do cause lung cancer, what causes malnutrition (营养不良), the decay of cities, or the decay of teeth. We are equally interested in effects: what is the effect of sulphur (硫)or lead in the atmosphere, of oil spills, and raw sewage in rivers and the sea, of staying up late on the night before an examination.

Causal reasoning may go from cause to effect or from effect to cause. Either way, we reason from what we know to what we want to find out. Sometimes we reason from an effect to a cause and then on to another effect. Thus, if we reason that because the lights have gone out, the refrigerator won't work, we first relate the effect (light out) to the cause (power off) and then relate that cause to another effect (refrigerator not working). This kind of reasoning is called, for short, effect to effect. It is quite common to reason through an extensive chain of causal relations. When the lights go out, we might reason in the following causal chain: lights out--power off--refrigerator not working -- temperature will rise -- milk will sour. In the other words, we diagnose a succession of effects from the power failure, each becoming the cause of the next.

Causes are classified as necessary, sufficient, or contributory. A necessary cause is one which must be present for the effect to occur as combustion (燃烧) is necessary to drive a gasoline engine. A sufficient cause is one which can produce an effect unaided, though there may be more than one sufficient cause: a dead battery is enough to keep a ear from starting, but faulty spark plugs or an empty gas tank will have the same effect. A contributory cause is one which helps to produce an effect but can't do so by itself, as running through a red light may help cause an accident, though other factors -- pedestrians or other cars in the intersection -- must also be present.

In establishing or denying a causal relation, it is usually necessary to show the process by which the supposed cause produces the effect. Such an explanation is called a causal process.

What the author discussed in the previous section is most probably about _____.

A．classification of reasoning

B．some special types of reasoning

C．relationships between causes and results

D．some other common types of reasoning

the Quality Plan activities to assess performance and recommend necessary changes．(74) are the techniques and tools in performing quality control．

Statistical sampling ① Run chart ②

Control charts ③ Critical Path Method ④

Pareto chart ⑤ Cause and effect diagrams ⑥

(74)

A．①②③④

B．②③④⑤

C．①②③⑤⑥

D．①③④⑤⑥

he Quality Plan activities to assess performance and recommend necessary changes．（）are the techniques and tools in performing quality control． ①Activity network diagram②Cause and effect diagrams③Inspection④Flow chart⑤Work Breakdown Structure⑥Pareto chart A．①③⑤ B．②④⑤⑥ C．②③④⑤⑥ D．①②③④⑥

ther cigarettes really do cause lung cancer, what causes malnutrition, the decay of cities, or the decay of teeth. We are equally interested in effects: what is the effect of sculpture or lead in the atmosphere, of oil spills and raw sewage in rivers and the sea, of staying up late on the night before an examination？

Causal reasoning may go from cause to effect or from effect to cause. Either way, we reason from what we know to what we want to find out. Sometimes we reason from an effect to a cause and then on to another effect. Thus, if we reason that because the lights have gone out, the refrigerator won't work, we first relate the effect (lights out) to the cause (power off) and then relate that cause to another effect (refrigerator not working). This kind of reasoning is called, for short, effect to effect. It is quite common to reason through an extensive chain of causal relations. When the lights go out we might reason in the following causal chain: lights out — power off — refrigerator not working — temperature will rise — milk will sour. In other words, we diagnose a succession of effects from the power failure, each becoming the cause of the next.

Causes are classified as necessary, sufficient, or contributory. A necessary cause is one which must be present for the effect to occur, as combustion is necessary to drive a gasoline engine. A sufficient cause is one which can produce an effect unaided, though there may be more than one sufficient cause: a dead battery is enough to keep a car from starting, but faulty spark plugs, or an empty gas tank will have the same effect. A contributory cause is one which helps to produce an effect but cannot do so by itself, as running through a red light may help cause an accident, though other factors — pedestrians or other cars in the intersection — must also be present.

In establishing or refuting a causal relation it is usually necessary to show the process by which the alleged cause produces the effect. Such an explanation is called a causal process.

What the author discussed in the previous section is most probably about ______.

A．relationships between causes and results

B．classification of reasoning

C．some other common types of reasoning

D．some special type of reasoning

he Quality Plan activities to assess performance and recommend necessary changes. ______ are the techniques and tools in performing quality control.. ① Statistical sampling ② Run chart ③ Control charts ④ Critical Path Method ⑤ Pareto chart ⑥ Cause and effect diagrams

A．①②③④

B．②③④⑤

C．①②③⑤⑥

D．①③⑤⑥