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提问人：网友beinuo0501 发布时间：2022-01-06
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Economics has long been known as the dismal science. But is any economist so dreary as to

criticize Christmas？ At first glance, the holiday season in western economies seems a treat for those concerned with such vagaries as GDP growth. After all, everyone is spending; in America, retailers make 25% of their yearly sales and 60% of their profits between Thanksgiving and Christmas. Even so, economists find something to worry about in the nature of the purchases being made.

Much of the holiday spending is on gifts for others. At the simplest level, giving gifts involves the giver thinking of something that the recipient would like—he tries to guess her preferences, as economists say—and then buying the gift and delivering it. Yet this guessing of preferences is no mean feat; indeed, it is often done badly. Every year, ties go unworn and books unread. And even if a gift is enjoyed, it may not be what the recipient would have bought had they spent the money themselves. Intrigued by this mismatch between wants and gifts, in 1993 Joel Waldfogel, then an economist at Yale University, sought to estimate the disparity in dollar terms. In a paper that has proved seminal in the literature on the issue, he asked students two questions at the end of a holiday season: first, estimate the total amount paid (by the givers) for all the holiday gifts you received; second, apart from the sentimental value of the items, if you did not have them, how much would you be willing to pay to get them？ His results were gloomy: on average, a gift was valued by the recipient well below the price paid by the giver. The most conservative estimate put the average receiver's valuation at 90% of the buying price. The missing 10% is what economists call a deadweight loss: a waste of resources that could be averted without making anyone worse off. In other words, if the giver gave the cash value of the purchase instead of the gift itself, the recipient could then buy what she really wants, and be better off for no extra cost. If the results are generalized, a waste of one dollar in ten represents a huge aggregate loss to society. It suggests that in America, where givers spend $40 billion on Christmas gifts, $4 billion is being lost annually in the process of gift-giving. Add in birthdays, weddings and non-Christian occasions, and the figure would balloon. So should economists advocate an end to gift-giving, or at least press for money to become the gift of choice？

Why do some people regard the holiday season in western economies a treat？

A．Because the economic situation in US has been gloomy.

B．Because holiday spending can stimulate GDP growth.

C．Because American retailers make a quarter of their yearly sales through holiday season

D．Because retailers can make as much profit as 60% over holiday season.

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更多“Economics has long been known as the dismal science. But is any economist so dreary as to”相关的问题
第1题
Although not an economist himself, Dr. Smith has long been a severe critic of the g
overnment’s ________ policies.

A) economical

B) economy

C) economic

D) economics

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第2题
听力原文： Tens of thousands of workers have been demonstrating on the streets of South Afr
ica's largest city, Johannesburg as part of a national strike against unemployment and poverty. Workers carry banners demanding an end to privatization and action to devalue the currency, the Rand. The stoppage was called by the largest union grouping, the Congress of South African Trade Unions or COSATU. Our economics correspondent Andrew Walker says unemployment has been a long running problem in South Africa.

"Unemployment in South Africa is by any standard high. The most recent official figure for the jobless rate is around 26 percent of the work force. The recent strength of the South African currency, the Rand has made it harder for businesses to compete in foreign markets and against the imports at home; But high unemployment has a long history. It was high under apartheid, partly reflecting the lack of education opportunities for black South Africans. Many analysts say it's still the ease that unemployment is due in part to job seekers not having the skills that companies need. But they say there has been progress."

The workers have been on a strike against ______.

A．governmental corruption

B．high taxes and low pays

C．poor medical service

D．unemployment and poverty

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第3题
听力原文： Most economic forecasts are wrong. And g...

听力原文： Most economic forecasts are wrong. And governments usually fail when they try to fine-tune the economics in the short term. That's not surprising, argues Paul Ormerod in his book Butterfly Economics, because few underlying economic theories and models come anywhere near real life. Ormerod, an economist and director of the London Think Tank, has dumped on the blinkered world of mainstream economic thought before, in his book, The Death of Economics. This time, he argues that his colleagues with the dismal science should instead view "society as a living creature, which adapts and learns."

Ormerod calls his approach butterfly economics, in part to stress its link to biology. But it also reflects a principle advanced by chaos theorists that the fluttering of a butterfly's wings can set off a tornado in another part of the globe. Modem economics, he says, are "complex systems which hover on the brink of chaos." But Ormerod could just as easily have titled it Ant Model Economics, because his theories derive from entomologists' experiments with ants in the mid-1980s. Two equal-sized food sources were set equidistant from an ant's nest. How did the colony divide itself between the sources？ As it turned out, the proportion of ants visiting one site or the other changed constantly. Sometimes changes were small. Other times, shifts were dramatic and swift. None was predictable. Why？ Basically, a foraging ant has three choices: returning to the food source it successfully visited before; being persuaded by other ants, via a scent, to try the other pile; or turning to the humans. People can stick with a previous decision, change their minds on their own accord, or be persuaded by the actions of others.

That people are often influenced by others, the author says, goes a long way toward explaining why some inferior technologies squeeze out superior ones, like VHS videocassette recorders upstaging Betamax VCRS, or why traders continue to buy currencies they know to be overvalued. Popularity breeds popularity. This may all seem obvious. But for economists, it's a revelation. Standard economic theories nearly always assume that people's behavior. and tastes never change -- which helps explain why most theories can't pass a reality check. In real life, chaos -- in the form. of human decision making -- reigns.

The ant model shows that accurate short-term predictions of ant behavior. are impossible. But in long term, there is a pattern to the ants' randomness. And, Ormerod says, so it is with economics, too. Short-term governmental forecasts usually miss the mark. And the abilities of politicians to alter the cycles of business are" largely illusory," he insists. But in the long term, there is some structure. The business cycle, with all its constant ebbing and flowing, may be uncontrollable and defiant of near-term forecasts. But despite its fluctuations, capitalist economies have grown slowly and steadily over time. That means, he says, that policymakers should adopt a less-is-more approach. "The role of governments should be confined to trying to mitigate the consequences of a cycle rather than trying to eliminate it."

Ormerod's effort to persuade orthodox economists to take human behavior. into account more often -- regardless of its unpredictability -- is a worthy goal. Still, it's a bit dispiriting that his foraging ants, like Pavlvov's salivating dogs, depict our behavior. so accurately.

Listen to the following passage. Write in English a short summary of around 150-200 words of what you have heard. You will hear the passage only once and then you will have 25 minutes to finish your summary. This part of the test carries 20 points. You may need to scribble a few notes to write your summary.

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第4题
Three Americans Win Nobel Economics Prize

The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences awarded the Nobel Prize in economics to three Americans,Eugene Fama,Lars Peter Hansen and Robert Shiller on Oct.14,2013.Eugene Fama and Lars Peter Hansen are both professors at the University of Chicago.Robert Shiller is a professor at Yale University.They will share the prize worth about 1.2 million dollars.

"This year's prize in economic sciences is about predictions." All three of this year's prize winners are mainly known for their research and explanations of pricing forces in financial markets.They have had a big influence on the way people look at and talk about financial markets.

Eugene Fama's research on financial markets in the 1960s led market watchers to change their ideas about investing.His ideas are linked to the theory that markets are efficient,which means market actors taking all available information to create the correct price for things at any given time.This also means that over short periods of time,it is not possible to predict prices.

Robert Shiller found,however,that over long periods,the opposite is true.It is possible to predict the movement of prices and that price changes are linked to human behavior.

The findings of both economists have led to the growth of index funds,investing many different securities as a way to reduce risk.Mr Shiller also helped to create the Standard & Poor's Case-Shiller home prices index.That index follows home prices across the United States.

Lars Peter Hansen developed a method for studying historical pricing information.His method supports Mr Shiller's findings and has influenced efforts to predict prices in the financial industry.

The Nobel Prize in economics was not created by Alfred Nobel,but was established in his memory by Sweden's central bank in 1968.

1.The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences awarded the Nobel Prize in electronics to three Americans on Oct.14,2013.

2.Eugene Fama,Lars Peter Hansen and Robert Shiller won the prize for their research and explanations of pricing forces in financial markets.

3.Eugene Fama's research on financial markets in the 1960s resulted in some change in how market watchers look at investing.

4.The findings of both economists have led to the growth of price prediction,investing many different securities as a way to reduce risk.

5.The Nobel Prize in economics was established in memory of Alfred Nobel by Sweden's central bank in 1968.

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第5题
All of us agree that he has an_____housewife.

A.economical

B.economic

C.economy

D.economics

点击查看答案
第6题
What is happening in our weather? Of course we have never been able to predict exactly w
What is happening in our weather？ Of course we have never been able to predict exactly what the weather will be like, but now strange weather patterns are seriously affecting many parts of the world. For example, droughts (旱灾) in Mexico and Brazil have recently caused great crop losses and in the United States they have even had to make their own snow for the Winter Olympics!

Scientists have found that the cause of this strange weather is that the air circulation pattern has changed and is now more variable than earlier in the twentieth century. This means that different regions of the world get long spells (持续时间) of the same type of weather, whether hot , cold, wet or windy.

However, weather experts have different views about why this has happened. One theory is that the temperature of the sea has increased. Another is that man’s activities on earth have disturbed the balance of nature.

Whatever the cause, the economics of many countries in the world depend upon the weather. And until we know exactly what effect man’s activities are having on the weather, we cannot make changes which might help. So for the moment the only answer is …wait and see!

26. Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the first paragraph？

A. We have never predicted the weather.

B. Man is now able to control the weather.

C. Strange weather has appeared only in some North American countries.

D. It has always been impossible for man to predict the weather accurately.

27. The strange weather patterns on the earth can he best described as ________.

A. steady and balanced C. likely to cause serious disasters

B. changeable but predictable D. unpredictable but favorable to man

28. The word “affecting” in Paragraph 1 can be replaced by ________.

A. yielding good crops in C. causing few losses in

B. having harmful effects on D. producing desired effects on

29. We can learn from Paragraph 2 that ________.

A. weather patterns are similar in different regions of the world

B. the air circulation pattern remains unchanged in the last century

C. our weather depends on the changes in the air circulation pattern

D. it is possible to predict weather patterns over a long period of time

30. It can be learned from this passage that ________.

A. scientists have similar opinions about the changing weather

B. no one is sure about the cause of the changing weather

C. cutting down forests has affected the climate

D. the weather will become worse in the future

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第7题
One of the Nobel Economics Prize winner once said: "Every leisure act has an economic payo
ff for someone."

A．reward

B．loss

C．claim

D．disadvantage

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第8题
*[]Kevin has just finished his economics degree. He would like to visit a city that has a

*[]

Kevin has just finished his economics degree. He would like to visit a city that has a big business centre and also offers traditional goods for the tourist to buy.

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第9题
A．He has a friend who majored in economics.B．He hasn't taken more than one economics c

A．He has a friend who majored in economics.

B．He hasn't taken more than one economics course.

C．He's been learning economics this year.

D．He couldn't make any sense out of his course.

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第10题
The economics，social and political importance has been on the rise in recent cent
uries with the presence of international trade in most countries．（）

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第11题
听力原文：W: Hello, John. You must be pleased. After all how many students are lucky enough
to have been accepted at their first and their second choices？

M: Not many I know. But I'm not sure yet which one to choose.

W: Well, you seem to have doubts about the state university. But its economics department has a fine reputation. What more could a economics major want？

M: Yeah. And they also have internships for seniors. But a friend told me that for the first two years some lectures have a hundred and fifty students. You probably wouldn't get to know any of your teachers.

W: Well, you might actually. Because those classes also have small discussion sections. Twice a week, and have no more than twenty students.

M: I know. But I've heard that they are usually taught by graduate students. At White Stone College all classes are taught by professors. W: Do you prefer a small town like White Stone？ Or a bigger place like the state capital？

M: That doesn't matter to me. What I do care about is getting individual attention from the faculty than making friends.

W: Look, I've known you for four years now and you seem to be a pretty outgoing person. I don't think you have any trouble making friends at the state university. It sounds to me that you are leaning toward White Stone though？

M: I am. The only problem is that the White Stone's tuition is really high and I'm not sure I can afford it.

W: You could still apply for a student loan or sign up for a work-study program.

M: Yeah. I think I'U look into that.

(23)

A．Because he didn't know which college he should choose.

B．Because he hasn't seen the woman for a long time.

C．Because he wants to make friends with the woman.

D．Because he wants to borrow money from the woman.

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