题目内容
（请给出正确答案）
A．Connections with businesses overseas.
B．Ability to speak the client's language.
C．Technical know-how.
D．Business experience.
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Throughout the 1970s, highly processed foods have accounted for the bulk of total advertising. Almost all coupons, electronic advertising, national printed media advertising, consumer premiums ( other than trading stamps) as well as most push promotion come from processed and packaged food products. In 1978, breakfast cereals, soft drinks, candy and other desserts, oils and salad dressings, coffee, and prepared foods accounted for only an estimated 20 percent of the consumer food dollar. Yet these items accounted for about one half of all media advertising.
By contrast, highly perishable foods such as unprocessed meats, poultry, fish and eggs, fruits and vegetables, and dairy products accounted for over half of the consumer food-at-home dollar. Yet these products accounted for less than 8 percent of national media advertising in 1.978, and virtually no discount coupons. These products tend to be most heavily advertised by the retail sector in local newspapers, where they account for an estimated 40 percent of retail grocery newspaper ads.
When measured against total food-at-home expenditures, total measured food advertising accounts for between 3 and 3.7 cents out of every dollar spent on food in the nation's grocery stores. A little less than one cent of this amount is accounted for by electronic advertising ( mostly
television) while incentives account for 0.6 cents. The printed media accounts for 0.5 cents and about one-third of one cent is comprised of discount coupon redemptions. The estimate for the cost of push promotion ranges from 0.7 to 1.4 cents. This range is necessary because of the difficulty in separating non-promotional aspects of direct selling—transportation, technical, and other related services.
Against this gross consumer cost must be weighed the joint products or services provided by advertising. In the case of electronic advertising, the consumer who views commercial television receives entertainment, while readers of magazines and newspapers receive reduced prices on these publication. The consumer pays directly for some premiums, but also receives nonfood merchandise as an incentive to purchase the product. The "benefits" must, therefore, be subtracted from the gross cost to the consumer to fully assess the net cost of advertising.
Also significant are the impacts of advertising on food demand, nutrition, and competition among food manufacturers. The bulk of manufacturers advertising is concentrated on a small portion of consumer food products. Has advertising changed the consumption of these highly processed products relative to more perishable foods such as meats, produce, and dairy products? Has the nutritional content of U. S. food consumption been influenced by food advertising? Has competition among manufacturers and retailers been enhanced or weakened by advertising? These are important questions and warrant continued research.
The author's attitude towards advertising can be characterized as ______.
A．admiring
B．condemning
C．uncertain
D．inquisitive
We have found that there is major obstacle that parents need to overcome in connection with TV viewing. Surprisingly enough, we are going to advocate that parents act rudely—at least as fat' as the TV set is concerned. Most of us have been socialized all our lives with the warning "Don' t interrupt when someone else is speaking." Yet our ancestors never imagined a mechanical visitor sitting in the middle of our home who talks without stop and never allows the listener an opportunity to put a word in edgewise.
During our research, we found upon questioning parents that they usually reacted to TV content they disliked or disagreed with by remaining silent. This brings to mind an old saying that parents might well be advised to consider, "Silence gives consent."
We advocate loud reactions and exclamations of disapproval when something is presented on TV which is in opposition to the family' s values or offends them in any way. Similarly, when a program is in accordance with the family' s views, parents should approve of its content and applaud loudly. There is much that Shakespearean audiences of old could teach us in regard to such spontaneous, public reactions. Silence is misleading to our children.
This process of direct intervention vocal approval or disapproval of TV content—is highly effective with young children, because they ant curious, lemming rapidly and ready to place a great deal of confidence in the information and attitudes of their parents and other significant adults, such as teachers. For teenagers indirect intervention is recommended, because this group is more resistant to adult statements and does not like to be "Iectured." Indirect intervention is the practice of making comments about TV to other members of the family, but in such a way that teenager is sure to overhear the comments.
Our research shows that through such parental comments of approval or disapproval, adults can dramatically influence the information their children receive and retain from watching TV.
We may infer from the first paragraph that parents______.
A．find that their children like to watch those sex or violence TV programs
B．hope that school or society can do something to control bad TV programs
C．feel that they can exert some influences on their children at home only
D．realize that there is a generation gap between them and their children
A．knock down
B．drag down
C．settle down
D．put down
A．cultural groups that are formed by scientists
B．people whose knowledge of science is very limited
C．the scientific community
D．people who make good contribution to science
A．raise
B．promote
C．heighten
D．increase
October 1929 was a month that had catastrophic economic reverberations worldwide. The American stock market witnessed the "Great Crash," as it is called, and the temporary boom in the American economy came to a standstill. Stock prices sank, and panic spread. The ensuing unemployment figure soared to 12 million by 1932.
Germany in the postwar years suffered from extreme deprivation because of burdensome compensation it was obliged to pay to the Allies. The country' s industrial capacity had been greatly diminished by the war. Inflation, political instability, and high unemployment were factors helpful to the growth of the initial Nazi party. Germans had lost confidence in their old leaders and heralded tile arrival of a messiah-like figure who would lead them out of their economic wilderness. Hitler promised jobs and, once elected, kept his promise by providing employment in the party, in the newly expanded army, and in munitions factories.
Roosevelt was elected because he promised a "New Deal" to lift the United States out of the doldrums of the depression. Following the principles by Keynes, a British economist, Roosevelt collected the spending capacities of the federal government to provide welfare, work, and agricultural aid to the millions of down-and-out Americans. Elected President for four terms because of his innovative policies, Roosevelt succeeded in dragging the nation out of the depression before the outbreak of World War Ⅱ.
Which of the following was NOT true at the time Roosevelt was elected?
A．Stock prices were recovering slowly.
B．The nation were recovering slowly.
C．There were 12 million unemployed workers.
D．The nation needed help from the federal government.
Applied research, undertaken to solve specific practical problems, has an immediate attractiveness because the results can be seen and enjoyed. For practical reasons, the sums spent on applied research in any country always far exceed those for basic research, and the proportions are more unequal in the less developed countries. Leaving aside the funds devoted to research by industry--which is naturally far more concerned with applied aspects because these increase profits quickly--the funds the U.S. Government allots to basic research currently amount to about 7 percent of its overall research and development funds. Unless adequate safeguards are provided, applied research invariably tends to drive out basic. Then, as Dr. Waterman has pointed out, "Developments will inevitably be undertaken prematurely, career incentives will gravitate strongly toward applied science, and the opportunities for making major scientific discoveries will be lost. Unfortunately, pressures to emphasize new developments, without corresponding emphasis upon pure science tend to degrade the quality of the nation% technology in the long run, rather than to improve it."
The title below that best expresses the ideas of this passage is ______.
A．Roentgen's Ignorance of X-rays
B．The Attractiveness of Applied Research
C．The Importance of Basic Research
D．Basic Research vs. Applied Research
Some have argued that such rights are merely luxuries that wealthy societies bestow, but Olson turns that argument around and asserts that such rights are essential to creating wealth. "Incomes are low in most of the countries of the world, in short, because the people in those countries do not have secure individual rights," he says.
Certain simple economic activities, such as food gathering and making handicrafts, rely mostly on individual labor; property is not necessary. But more advanced activities, such as the mass production of goods, require machines and factories and offices. This production is often called capital-intensive, but it is really property-intensive, Olson observes.
"No one would normally engage in capital-intensive production if he or she did not have rights that kept the valuable capital from being taken by bandits, whether roving or stationary," he argues. "There is no private property without government--individuals may have possessions, the way a dog possesses a bone, but there is private property only if the society protects and defends a private right to that possession against other private parties and against the government as well."
Would-be entrepreneurs, no matter how small, also need a government and court system that will make sure people honor their contracts. In fact, the banking systems relied on by developed nations are based on just such an enforceable contract system. "We would not deposit our money in banks ... if we could not rely on the bank having to honor its contract with us, and the bank would not be able to make the profits it needs to stay in business if it could not enforce its loan contracts with borrowers," Olson writes.
Other economists have argued that the poor economies of Third World and communist countries are the result of governments setting both prices find the quantities of goods produced rather than letting a free market determine them. Olson agrees that there is some merit to this point of view, but he argues that government intervention is not enough to explain the poverty of these countries. Rather, the real problem is lack of individual rights that give people incentive to generate wealth. "If a society has clear and secure individual rights, there are strong incentives (刺激，动力) to produce, invest, and engage in mutually advantageous trade., and therefore at least some economic advance," Olson concludes.
Which of the following is true about Olson?
A．He was a fiction writer.
B．He edited the book Power and Prosperity.
C．He taught economics at the University of Maryland.
D．He was against the ownership of private property.
A．comment
B．reaction
C．impression
D．comprehension
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