We all know that normal human daily cycle of activity is of some 7~8 hours’ sleep alternating with some 16~17 hours’ wakefulness and that, broadly speaking, the sleep normally coincides with the hours
A、an 8-hour-sleep is enough to keep a person alert in daytime
B、a good night's sleep can work off a person's sleep debt
C、if a person sleeps more than 8 hours, he is sure to feel well
D、though an 8-hour-sleep makes people feel fine, some of them are not so alert in daytime as they believe
The question is no mere academic one. The ease, for example, with which people can change from working in the day to winking at night is a question of growing importance in industry where automation calls for round-the-clock working of machines. It normally takes from five days to one week for a person to adapt to a reversed routine of sleep end wakefulness, sleeping during the day end working at night. Unfortunately, it is often the case in industry that shifts are changed every week; a person may work from 12 midnight to 8 a.m. one week, 8 a.m. to 4 p.m. the next, and 4 p. m. to 12 midnight the third and so on. This means that no sooner bas he got used to one routine than he has to change to another, so that much of his time is spent neither working nor sleeping very efficiently.
The only real solution appears to be to hand over the night shift to a number of permanent night workers. An interesting study of the domestic life and health of night-shift workers was carried out by Brown in 1957. She found a high incidence of disturbed sleep and other disorders among those on alternating day and night shifts, but no abnormal occurrence of these phenomena among those on permanent night work.
This latter system then appears to be the best long-term policy, but meanwhile something may be done to relieve the strains of alternate day and night work by selecting those people who can adapt most quickly to the changes of routine. One way of' knowing when a person has adapted is by measuring his body temperature. People engaged in normal daytime work will have a high temperature during the hours of wakefulness and a low one at night; when they change to night work the pattern will only gradually go back to match the new routine and the speed with which it does so parallels, broadly speaking, the adaptation of the body as a whole, particularly in terms of performance. There from, by taking body temperature at intervals of two hours throughout the period of wakefulness it can be seen how quickly a person can adapt to a reversed routine, and this could be used as a basis for selection. So far, however, such a form. of selection does not seem to have been applied in practice.
Why is the question of "how easily people can get used to working at night?" not a mere academic question?
A.Because few people like to reverse the cycle of sleep aud wakefulness.
B.Because sleep normally coincides with the hours of darkness.
C.Because people are required to work at night in some fields of industry.
D.Because shift work in industry requires people to change their sleeping habits.
Directions: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item with a single line through the center. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.
Reading involves looking at graphic symbols and formulating mentally the sounds and ideas they re- present. Concepts of reading have changed【S1】______ over the centuries. During the 1950&39;s and 1960&39;s especially, increased attention bas been devoted to defining and describing the reading process. Although specialists agree that reading involves a complex organization of higher mental【S2】______ , they disagree a- bout the exact nature of the process. Some experts, who regard language primarily us a code using symbols to represent sounds,【S3】______ reading as simply the decoding of symbols into the sounds they stand for. These authorities【S4】______ that meaning, being concerned with thinking, must be taught independently of the decoding process. Others maintain that reading is【S5】______ related to thinking, and that a child who pronounces sounds without【S6】______ their meaning is not truly reading. The reader, according to some, is not just a person with a theoretical ability to read but one who actually reads.
Many adults, although they have the ability to read, have never read a book in its entirety. By some expert they would not be【S7】______ as readers. Clearly, the philosophy, objectives, methods and materials of reading will depend on the definition one use. By the most【S8】______ and satisfactory definition, reading is the ability to【S9】______ the sound-symbols code of the language, to interpret meaning for various【S10】______ at various rates, and at various levels of difficulty, and to do so widely and enthusiastically. In short reading is the interpretation of ideas through the use of symbols representing sounds and ideas.
A contempt B substantially C reassure D explaining
E interpreting F functions G inexplicably H inclusive
I view J purposes K conclusive L unlock
M contend N classified O opinions
【S1】
【S2】
【S3】
【S4】
【S5】
【S6】
【S7】
【S8】
【S9】
【S10】
A high-speed aerotrain that could run 400 to 500 kilometers per hour is being developed by China and Japan in a joint effort, the Chongqing Morning Post reported.
B.纳税人遗失税务登记证件的,应当在15日内书面报告主管税务机关,并登报声明作废
C.从事生产、经营的纳税人应自领取工商营业执照之日起15日内按照国务院财政、税务部门的规定设置账簿
D.纳税人应当自开立银行账户之日起15日内向主管税务机关书面报告其全部账号
E.只缴纳个人所得税、车船税的个人,不用办理税务登记
为了保护您的账号安全,请在“简答题”公众号进行验证,点击“官网服务”-“账号验证”后输入验证码“”完成验证,验证成功后方可继续查看答案!