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Some of Einstein's theories could not be tested because______.
A．nobody was interested
B．there were no scientific instrument and equipments needed
C．Einstein did not have his own laboratory
D．it was no use testing them
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Part B
Directions: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2.
It doesn't take an Einstein to recognize that Albert Einstein's brain was very different from yours and mine The gray matter housed inside that shaggy head managed to revolutionize our concepts of time, space, motion — the very foundations of physical reality — not just once but several times during his astonishing career. 61)Yet while there clearly had to be something remarkable about Einstein's brain, the pathologist who removed it from the great physicist's skull after his death reported that the organ was.to all appearances, well within the normal range — no bigger or heavier than anyone else's.
But a new analysis of Einstein's brain by Canadian scientists, reported in the current Lancet, reveals that it has some distinctive physical characteristics after all. 62)＜＞A portion of the brain that governs mathematical ability and spatial reasoning—two key ingredients to the sort of thinking Einstein did best — was significantly larger than average and may also have had more interconnections among its ceils, which could have allowed them to work together more effectively.＜＞
In 1996,Harvey gave much of his data and a significant fraction of the tissue itself to Dr Sandra Witel-son, a neuroscientist who maintains a "brain bank" at McMaster for comparative studies of brain structure and function. 63)These normal, undiseased brains, willed to science by people whose intelligence had been carefully measured before death, gave Witelson a solid set of benchmarks against which to measure the seat of Einstein's brilliant thoughts.
Not only was Einstein's inferior parietal region unusually bulky, the scientists found, but a feature called the Sylvian fissure was much smaller than average, 64)Without this groove that normally slices through the tissue, the brain cells were pecked close together, permitting more interconnections—which in principle can permit more cross-referencing of information and ideas, leading to great leaps of insight.
That's the idea, anyway. But while it's quite plausible according to current neurological theory, that doesn't necessarily make it true. We know Einstein was a genius, end we now know that his brain was physically different from the average. But none of this proves a cause-and-effect relationship. "What you really need, "says McLean's Benes," is to look at the brains of a number of mathematical geniuses to see if the same abnormalities are present."
Even if they are, it's possible that the bulked-brains are a result of strenuous mental exercise, not an inherent feature that makes genius possible. 65)Bottom line: we still don't know whether Einstein was born with an extraordinary mind or whether he earned it, one brilliant idea at a time.
(61)
Black Holes
What is a black hole？ Well, it's difficult to answer this question, since the terms we normally use to describe a scientific phenomenon are inadequate here, Astronomers and scientists think that a black hole is a region of space (not a thing) into which matter has fallen and from which nothing can escape—not even light. So we can't see a black hole. A black hole exerts (施加) a strong gravitational (重力的) pull and yet it has no matter. It is only space—or so we think. How can this happen？
The theory is that some stars explode when their density increases to a particular point; they "collapse" and sometimes a supernova (超新星) occurs. The collapse of a star may produce a "White Dwarf (白矮星) "or a "neutron star"—a star whose matter is so dense that it continually shrinks by the force of its own gravity. But if the star is very large this process of shrinking may be so intense that a black hole results. Imagine the earth reduced to the size of a marble, but still having the same mass and a stronger gravitational pull, and you have some idea of the force of a black hole. Any matter near the black hole Is sucked in. It is impossible to say what happens Inside a black hole.
Our space and time laws don't seem to apply to objects in the area of a black hole. Einstein's relativity theory is the only one that can explain such phenomena. Einstein claimed that matter and energy are interchangeable, so that there is no "absolute" time and space, There are no constants at all, and measurements of time and space depend on the position of the observer— they are relative. Einstein's theory provided a basis for the idea of black holes before astronomers started to find some evidence for their existence. It is only recently that astronomers have begun specific research into black holes.
The most convincing evidence of black holes comes from research into binary (由两部分组成的) star systems. In some binary star systems, astronomers have shown that there is an invisible companion star, a "partner" to the one which we can see in the sky. There is one star, called by its catalogue number HDE 226868, which must have a Partner. This partner star, it seems, has a mass ten or twenty times greater than the sun—yet we can't see it. Matter from HDE 226868 is being dragged towards this companion star. Could this invisible star, which exerts such a great force, be a black hole？ Astronomers have evidence of a few other stars too, which might have black holes as companions.
Which of the following does NOT fit the definition of the black hole？
A．The black hole is a region of space.
B．The black hole sucks in any object that passes by it.
C．The black hole is visible through an infrared telescope.
D．The black hole has no matter.
根据下列文章,请回答 31～35 题。
Black Holes
What is a black hole？ Well, it's difficult to answer this question, since the terms we normally use to describe a scientific phenomenon are inadequate here. Astronomers and scientists think that a black hole is a region of space (not a thing) into which matter has fallen and from which nothing can escape -- not even light. So we can't see a black hole. A black hole exerts (施加) a strong gravitational (重力的) pull and yet it has no matter. It is only space -- or so we think. How can this happen？
The theory is that some stars explode ,when their density increases to a particular point; they "collapse" and sometimes a supernova (超新星) occurs. The collapse of a star may produce a "White Dwarf (白矮星) " or a "neutron star"-- a star whose matter is so dense that it continually shrinks by the force of its own gravity. But if the star is very large this process of shrinking may be so intense that a black hole results. Imagine the earth reduced to the size of a marble, but still having the same mass and a stronger gravitational pull, and you have some idea of the force of a black hole. Any matter near the black hole is sucked in. It is impossible to say what happens inside a black hole.
Our space and time laws don't seem to apply to objects in the area of a black hole. Einstein's relativity theory is the only one that can explain such phenomena. Einstein claimed that matter and energy are interchangeable, so that there is no "absolute" time and space. There are no constants at all, and measurements of time and space depend on the position of the observer -- they are relative. Einstein's theory provided a basis for the idea of black holes before astronomers started to find some evidence for their existence. It is only recently that astronomers have begun specific research into black holes.
The most convincing evidence of black holes comes from research into binary (由两部分组成的) star systems. In some binary star systems, astronomers have shown that there is an invisible companion star, a "partner" to the one which we can see in the sky. There is one star, called by its catalogue number HDE 226868, which must have a partner. This partner star, it seems, has a mass ten or twenty times greater than the sun-- yet we can't see it. Matter from HDE 226868 is being dragged towards this companion star. Could this invisible star, which exerts such a great force, be a black hole？ Astronomers have evidence of a few other stars too, which might have black holes as companions.
第 31 题 Which of the following does NOT fit the definition of the black hole？
A．The black hole is a region of space.
B．The black hole sucks in any object that passes by it.
C．The black hole is visible through an infrared telescope.
D．The black hole has no matter.
Many physicists say the next Einstein hasn't been born yet, or is a baby now. That's because the quest for a unified theory that would account for all the forces of nature has pushed current mathematics to its limits. New math must be created before the problem can be solved. But researchers say there are many other factors working against another Einstein emerging anytime soon.
For one thing, physics is a much different field today. In Einstein's day, there were only a few thousand physicists worldwide, and the theoreticians who could intellectually rival Einstein probably would fit into a streetcar with seats to spare.
Education is different, too. One crucial aspect of Einstein's training that is overlooked is the years of philosophy he read as a teenager—Kant, Schopenhauer and Spinoza, among others. It taught him how to think independently and abstractly about space and time, and it wasn't long before he became a philosopher himself.
"The independence created by philosophical insight is—in my opinion—the mark of distinction between a mere artisan(工匠) or specialist and a real seeker after truth, " Einstein wrote in 1944.
And he was an accomplished musician. The interplay between music and math is well-known. Einstein would furiously play his violin as a way to think through a knotty physics problem.
Today, universities have produced millions of physicists. There aren't many jobs in science for them, so they go to Wall Street and Silicon Valley to apply their analytical skills to more practical—and rewarding—efforts.
"Maybe there is an Einstein out there today, " said Columbia University physicist Brian Greene, "but it would be a lot harder for him to be heard. "
Especially considering what Einstein was proposing.
"The actual fabric of space and time curving？ My God, what an idea!" Greene said at a recent gathering at the Aspen Institute. "It takes a certain type of person who will bang his head against the wall because you believe you'll find the solution. "
Perhaps the best examples are the five scientific papers Einstein wrote in his "miracle year" of 1905. These "thought experiments" were pages of calculations signed and submitted to the prestigious journal Annalen der Physik by a virtual unknown. There were no footnotes or citations.
What might happen to such a submission today？
"We all get papers like those in the mail, " Greene said. "We put them in the junk file. "
What do scientists seem to agree upon judging from the first two paragraphs？
A．Einstein pushed mathematics almost to its limits.
B．It will take another Einstein to build a unified theory.
C．No physicist is likely to surpass Einstein in the next 200 years.
D．It will be some time before a new Einstein emerges.
7. Einstein and “God” The debate over Science and Religion is like catnip for anyone wanting to spout off about the improbability of God or the arrogance of scientists. The public seems to have an insatiable appetite for this debate. Many of the current debates in science and religion turn on how we define certain key words, like “God”, “transcendence”, and “religion”. A great deal also rides on how much of reality we think can be explained by another loaded word, “science.” Take the case of Albert Einstein. He died more than half a century ago, but there’s a huge debate right now between religious believers and atheists over who gets to claim Einstein, the most famous scientist of the last century. Einstein himself made a number of provocative and rather cryptic comments about religion. He called himself “a deeply religious nonbeliever.” He said, “Science without religion is lame; religion without science is blind.” Most famously, he proclaimed, “God does not play dice with the universe.” Who is this God that Einstein invoked？ Was he simply using the word “God” as a synonym for order and harmony in the universe？ I have asked a number of scientists, theologians, and Einstein scholars, and I’ve heard many different responses. “Einstein clearly was an atheist（无神论者）in the sense that he didn’t believe in a personal God,” Richard Dawkins says. “He used the word God as a metaphoric name for that which we don’t yet understand, for the deep mysteries of the universe.” The Nobel Prize-winning physicist and fellow atheist Steven Weinberg believes Einstein was just using poetic language when he talked about religion, which Weinsberg considers a mistake. “Clearly, what Einstein meant by God is so vague and so far from conventional religion, it seems to me a misuse of the word,” Weinsberg says. “The concept of God historically has had a fairly definite meaning. God was conscious. God was powerful. God was benevolent to some extent. If you’re not going to use God to mean something like that, then you shouldn’t use the word.” Walter Isaacson, Einstein’s biographer, has a very different perspective. He claims that Einstein was a deist（自然神论信仰者）who knew exactly what he was doing when he talked about “God” and “religion.” When he was asked whether he was just using the word symbolically, he said, no, he wasn’t,” Isaacson told me. “He talked about having a cosmic religion. He thought there was a spirit manifesting in the laws of the universe, and that was his notion of God.” 14. Which of the following Can Not replace the underlined word “metaphoric”？
A、Figurative.
B、Symbolic.
C、Metaphorical.
D、Historical.
What can we infer from Bahcall's comment？
A．WMAP's findings are quite convincing and he accepted them.
B．WMAP will solve all the problems that have puzzled cosmologists.
C．WMAP's findings accord with Einstein's concept of space-time.
D．We may ignore some strange measurements in WMAP's data.
Which statement about Newton and Einstein is NOT true？
A．They both committed to the study of space and time and put forward their own theories.
B．Einstein's theory of relativity preceded the theories about the black holes.
C．Newton believed that the laws of motion are different for objects on Earth and in space.
D．Einstein's theory of relativity proved that some of the Newton's beliefs were wrong.
Theories have lots of different properties and can differ one from another in a variety of different ways. A few have been mentioned already, namely the degree of generality and hypothetical status of a theoretical claim. An account of the proper- ties of a theory is an answer to the inquiry, "So tell me what this theory is like. "There are plenty of things to say, that is, plenty of features to mention. There is the feature of how it was discovered, by whom, at what time of day. Some theories have the feature of being proposed by Einstein; some lack his feature. Some have the feature of being liked by Einstein; some don't. There are also features of the content of a theory or of its form. Bein6 logically consistent is a feature of form. Making reference to action at a distance, or to evil spirits, or to gluons are distinct features of content. There are even pragmatic features. Some theories are likely to be money-makers; others are not.
Clearly, some of these features of theories are irrelevant to an analysis of scientific knowledge and irrelevant to doing science. We want to focus on the important features, those that meet the following two criteria. First, they must be relevant to the likelihood of the theory being true. That is, they must be reliable indicators of truth so that our seeing whether the feature is present or not will be part of our warrant for believing the theory. Some theories have the property that you learned them on a Tuesday, but that is unimportant because it is neutral to their being true or false. Some theories have the property of describing goblin maintenance men to keep the world in good working order. That ‘s an important feature because it helps us decide whether the theory is true or false.
The second criterion of importance is that the property is something we can in fact evaluate. The information must be accessible to us if it is to be of any use. To get back to apples for a moment, even if it's true that apples with darker seeds taste better, this isn't any help there in the store where information about the seeds isn't available. Similarly, a theory about the demise of dinosaurs is true if it is an accurate picture of the past events, but the feature of being an accurate picture is not something we can evaluate. We can't see what this theories a picture of, and so we can't assess its accuracy. Much as we would like to use accuracy-of-picture or correspondence-to-facts as features that indicate truth, information a- bout these features is unavailable. Features that are important to the justification of theories must be both truth-conducive
Which of the following can serve as one of the reasons to support the idea that theories are like apples？
A．Both of them are either good or bad.
B．Both of them have all sorts of features.
C．Both of them have features that indicate their truth or goodness.
D．Responsible theory choice is dissimilar to responsible shopping.
How Geniuses Work
Without a doubt, Einstein was a genius. So was Isaac Newton, who invented Physics. He also played a big role in the development of Calculus (微积分学), which some people have trouble comprehending even after extensive classroom study. Another genius, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, started composing music when he was 5 years old. Mozart wrote hundreds of pieces before his death in 1760 at age 35.
The understanding of genius
According to conventional wisdom, geniuses are different from everyone else. They can think faster and better than other people. In addition, many people think that all that extra brainpower leads to strange behavior. And although geniuses are fairly easy to spot, defining exactly what makes one person a genius is a little trickier. Figuring out how that person became a genius is harder still.
There are two big things that make it difficult to study genius. First, the genius label is subjective. Some people insist that anyone with an intelligence quotient (IQ) higher than a certain value be a genius. Others feel that IQ tests measure only a limited part of a person's total intelligence. Some believe high test scores have little to do with real genius. Second, genius is a big picture concept. Most scientific and medical inquiries, on the other hand, examine details. A concept as subjective as genius isn't easy to quantify, analyze or study.
So, when exploring how geniuses work, it's a good idea to start by defining precisely what a genius is. A genius isn't simply someone with an exceptionally high IQ. Instead, a genius is an extraordinarily intelligent person who breaks new ground with discoveries, inventions or works of art. Usually, a genius' work changes the way people view the world or the field in which the work took place. In other words, a genius must be both intelligent and able to use that intelligence in a productive or impressive way.
Genius and the brain
The cerebral cortex (大脑皮层), the outermost part of your brain, is where thought and reasoning happen. These are your brain's higher functions, which relate to basic survival, take place deeper in the brain. Your cerebral cortex is the largest part of your brain, and it's full of wrinkles and folds. If you removed and stretched out an adult human's cerebral cortex, it would be about as large as a few pages of a newspaper. It's divided into several lobes (圆形的突起), and different regions within these lobes handle specific tasks related to how you think.
Researchers have so far only figured out a few things about how the brain affects intelligence. A 2004 study at the University of California found that the volume of gray matter in parts of the cerebral cortex had a greater impact on intelligence than the brain's total volume. The findings suggest that the physical attributes of many parts of the brain determine how smart a person is.
A 2006 paper in the journal Nature theorized that the way the brain develops is more important than the size of the brain itself. A person's cerebral cortex gets thicker during childhood and thinner during youth, According to the study, the brains of children with higher IQs thickened faster than those of other children. Studies also suggest that, to some extent, children inherit intelligence from their parents. Some researchers theorize that this is because the physical structure of the brain can be an inherited trait. In addition, the process of becoming really good at something both requires and encourages your brain to wire itself to handle that particular task better.
Genius and intelligence
Like genius, intelligence can be difficult to quantify. Psychologists study intelligence extensively. An entire field of study, known as psychometrics (心理测验学), is devoted to studying and measuring intelligence. But even within that field, experts don't always agree on exactly what it is or how be
A．They are wealthier than common people.
B．They are harder to deal with.
C．They think faster and better than common people.
D．They are a little trickier than others.
The fact the ordinary citizens are now starting to think seriously about the nation's moral climate, says this ethics professor at the University of Chicago, is reason to hope that new ideas will come forward to improve it.
But the challenge is not to be underestimated. Materialism and individualism in American society are the biggest obstacles. "The thought that 'I'm in it for me has become deeply rooted in the national consciousness," Ms. Einstein says.
Some of this can be attributed to the disintegration of traditional communities, in which neighbors looked out for one another, she says. With today's greater mobility and with so many couples working, those bonds have been weakened, replaced by a greater emphasis on self.
In a 1996 poll of Americans, loss of morality topped the list of the biggest problems facing the U. S. And Einstein says the public is correct to sense that: Data show that Americans are struggling with problems unheard of in the 1950s,such as classroom violence and a high rate of births to unmarried mothers.
The desire for a higher moral standard is not a lament (挽歌)for some nonexistent" goldenage," Einstein says, nor is it a wishful(一厢情愿的)longing for a time that denied opportunities to women and minorities. Most people, in fact, favor the lessening of prejudice.
Moral decline will not be reversed until people find ways to counter the materialism in society, she says. "Slowly, you recognize that the things that matter are those that cant’ be bought."
Professor Einstein is pleased to see that Americans ______.
A．have adapted to a new set of moral standards
B．are longing for file return of the good old days
C．have realized the importance of material things
D．are awakening to the lowering of their moral standards
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