Since 1951 the HWA has spread to more than ______.

To Save Trees, Fighting One Alien Insect with Others

Rusty Rhea sighs wistfully as he talks about the beauty and peace of standing amid a grove (小树林) of deep green hemlocks in Appalachia, some of them up to 160 feet (50 meters ) tall and more than 500 years old.

"This is a very special tree," said Rhea, an entomologist for the U.S. Forest Service's Forest Health Protection program in Asheville, North Carolina. "I was brought up here, and I don't want to see another species go by the wayside."

The evergreen trees, a hallmark of southern Appalachia's national parks, are under attack by an invasive insect barely visible to the eye but potent enough to fell the giants of the eastern United States' old-growth forests.

Already the tiny bug from Japan, known as the hemlock woolly adelgid (HWA), has killed upward of 95 percent of the hemlocks in Virginia's Shenandoah National Park. Now they are making their way through the half-million-plus-acre (200,000-plas-hectare) Great Smoky Mountains National Park in North Carolina and Tennessee.

The hemlocks shade streams, keeping water temperatures just right for brook trout(鲑鱼) and other fish. They also house birds such as the black-throated green warbler, solitary vireo, and northern goshawk, all three of which mainly shelter in stands of hemlock trees.

Because of the insect's broad impact on the entire ecosystem of southern Appalachia, HWA stands to cause wider damage than the American chestnut blight(枯萎病) of the early 1900s. That fungus from Europe killed off the once dominant chestnut trees from the northeast United States to the southern Appalachian Mountains.

In addition, a species related to HWA, the balsam woolly adelgid, has already killed about 90 percent of the mature Fraser fir trees in the Smokies.

Acting Quickly

HWA arrived in the U.S. Pacific Northwest via nursery plants from Japan in 1924. By 1951 the tiny invader had been found in Virginia. Since then the insect has spread to more than 15 U.S. states.

The key to killing the HWA is to catch it early and act quickly. It's already well established in the Great Smoky Mountains, where Rhea and others are trying to stem the spread of the bugs.

HWA multiply quickly: All of the insects are females that reproduce asexually (无性地), laying several hundred eggs a year. When they get to the nymph, or crawler, stage, they are dormant from about June until October, after which they emerge and establish themselves on trees.

Winds and birds and other animals spread the crawlers through the forest.

HWA crawlers feed on the new growth of hemlocks by piercing the twigs that hold the branches, sucking the sap, and injecting toxic saliva. The needles mm from a deep green to a grayish green and eventually die, depriving the tree of nutrition from photosynthesis.

An infected tree usually dies within five years of initial attack. Infection is signaled by either a white, cottonlike material that appears along a tree's twigs or by the "baldness" of a tree's upper branches.

Plans of Attack

In the Pacific Northwest the hemlocks seem to be tolerant of the creatures' feeding, and in the cold northeast, winters seem to keep them at bay. But in the warm southeast, with weather approximating that of the insects' native Asian homes, they thrive.

Chemical sprays—such as insecticidal soaps and horticultural oils as well as trunk or soil injections--have helped to kill some of the HWA infestations.

But spraying must be repeated every six months, and injections are expensive and last only two years at most. These methods can't be used conveniently or safely in remote areas or near the streams where hemlocks grow thickly.

Long term, the best way to control the pests appears to be releasing other insects that

A．Y

B．N

C．NG

A.10-120

B.20-130

C.60-130

D.0-130

A.1951

B.1961

C.1952

D.1962

The long term, best way to control the pests HWA is spraying.

A．Y

B．N

C．NG

The Hemlock in the U.S. will be saved from HWA soon.

A．Y

B．N

C．NG

half. Compared with their counterparts elsewhere on the Continent, British women comprise a relatively high proportion of the work force, about two-fifths, but on average they work fewer hours, about 31 a week. There is still a significant difference between women's average earnings and men's, but the equal pay legislation which came into force at the end of 1975 appears to have helped to narrow the gap between women's and men's basic rates. As more and more women join the work force in the 1960s and early 1970s there was an increase in the collective incomes of women as a whole and a major change in the economic role of large numbers of housewife. Women's liberation looks disturbingly like the "right" to work more. Are liberated career women happier than satisfied mothers？ Some think that if men are happy working, and women are happy helping them to deal with pressure, what is there to criticize？

The invasive insect, known as the hemlock woolly adelgid (HWA), is from Japan.

A．Y

B．N

C．NG