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提问人：网友freehoyden 发布时间：2022-01-06

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In Being cultures, social status and are more important than what a person does.

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第1题

Researchers who are unfamiliar with the cultural and ethnic groups they are studying must

take extra precautions to shed any biases they bring with them from their own culture. For example, they must make sure they construct measures that are meaningful for each of the cultural or ethnic minority groups being studied.

In conducting research on cultural and ethnic minority issues, investigators distinguish between the emic approach and the etic approach. In the emic approach, the goal is to describe behavior. in one culture or ethnic group in term that are meaningful and important to the people in that culture or ethnic group, without regard to other cultures or ethnic groups. In the etic approach, the goal is to describe behavior. so that generalizations can be made across cultures. If researchers construct a questionnaire in an emic fashion, their concern is only that the questions are meaningful to the particular culture or ethnic group being studied. If, however, the researchers construct a questionnaire in an etic fashion, they want to include questions that reflect concepts familiar to all cultures involved.

How might the emic and etic approaches be reflected in the study of family processes？ In the emic approach, the researchers might choose to focus only on middle-class White families, without regard to whether the information obtained in the study can be generalized or is appropriate for ethnic minority groups. In a subsequent study, the researchers may decide to adopt an etic approach by studying not only middle-class White families, but also lower-income White families, Black American families, Spanish American families, and Asian American families. In studying ethnic minority families, the researchers would likely discover that the extended family is more frequently a support system in ethnic minority families than in White American families. If so, the emic approach would reveal a more different pattern of family interaction than would the etic approach, documenting that research with middle class White families cannot always be generalized to all ethnic groups.

According to the first paragraph, researchers unfamiliar with the target cultures are inclined to

A．be overcautious in constructing meaningful measures

B．view them from their own cultural perspective

C．guard against interference from their own culture

D．accept readily what is alien to their own culture

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第2题

Match the conjunction with the type of logical rel...

Match the conjunction with the type of logical relation they express. Pay attention to the different classes of the conjuntions: whether they are between sentences, between independent clauses, or between dependent clauses. contrasting exemplifying causative She furthered stated that Mikaye found no anxious/avoidant children, (1) because many Japanese mothers rarely left their child at 12 months, so being alone, or even with a stranger would have been extremely upsetting (Brain, 2002). Some psychologists (2) however, claim that the strange situation test is not an accurate way to define attachment types, (3) as they do not take into account the effect of cultural differences on attachment. (4) An example of this is that in some cultures children are often put into day care, this could be confounding, because those children will have learnt that their mothers will return, and will not find the strange situation test as distressing as others (Cowie et al., 1991). There have also been found to be certain flaws in some of the studies upon which Bowlby based his theories. The major concern with 'imprinting' for example, is that it is based upon birds and mammals, rather than primates. (1) because

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第3题

Focus the connectives in the following text, choos...

Focus the connectives in the following text, choose the correct type of logical relation each connective express. She further stated that Mikaye found no anxious/avoidant children, because many Japanese mothers rarely left their child at 12 months, so being alone, or even with a stranger would have been extremely upsetting (Brain, 2002). Some psychologists however, claim that the strange situation test is not an accurate way to define attachment types, as they do not take into account the effect of cultural differences on attachment. An example of this is that in some cultures children are often put into day care, this could be confounding, because those children will have learnt that their mothers will return, and will not find the strange situation test as distressing as others (Cowie et al., 1991). There have also been found to be certain flaws in some of the studies upon which Bowlby based his theories. The major concern with ‘imprinting’ for example, is that it is based upon birds and mammals, rather than primates. The logical relation the connective "because" expresses is _____________.

A、causative

B、contrasting

C、exemplifying

D、additive

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第4题

Most of us think we know the kind of kid who becomes a killer, and most of the time we're

right. Boys (1)_____ about 85% of all youth homicides, and in those cases about 90% (2)_____ a pattern in which the line from bad parenting and bad (3)_____ to murder is usually clear. Their lives start with abuse, neglect and (4)_____ deprivation at home. Add the effects of racism, poverty, the drug and gang cultures, and it is not (5)_____ that in a violent society like ours, (6)_____ children become deadly teens.

(7)_____ what about the other 10% of kids who kill: the boys who have (8)_____ parents and are not poor？ Are their parents to blame when these kids become (9)_____？

Most children do fine while young enough to be (10)_____ by loving parents, but change as adolescents subjected to peer competition, bullying and rejection, (11)_____ in big high schools. The "normal" culture of adolescence today contains elements that are so nasty that it becomes hard for parents to (12)_____ between what in a teenager's talk, dress and taste in music, films and video games indicates (13)_____ trouble and what is simply a (14)_____ of the times. Most kids who have multiple body piercing, or listen to Marilyn Manson, or play the video games are normal kids caught in a toxic (15)_____ Intelligent kids with good social skills can be quite skillful at hiding who they really are from their parents. They may do this to (16)_____ punishment, to escape being identified as "crazy", or to protect the parents they love from being (17)_____ or worried. Anyway, how many parents are (18)_____ of thinking the worst of their son—(19)_____, that he harbors murders fantasies, or that he could (20)_____ so far as acting them out.

A．complete

B．commit

C．submit

D．perform

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第5题

听力原文： Different cultures have considerably differing habits in the amount of expressiv

eness. This is rooted in the varying attitudes toward people of different ages, classes, and stations in life. In the family setting, for instance, most Americans encourage their children to enter freely into dinner table conversation and other family discussions and to participate early in decision making. By contrast, in Asia and elsewhere, children are taught to be silent in the presence of elders and, for instance, are usually separated from them when eating. The children certainly are never to disagree verbally with the parent, or with older brothers and sisters, for that matter. In parts of India, even an adult would not enter into the decision-making discussions if his aged parents were still in the family circle. It is not surprising, therefore, that many foreigners look upon American young people as brash, immodest, and rude, possessing no proper respect for parents or older siblings. On the other hand, Americans may look upon young people of other cultures as being too reticent, too quiet, too unresponsive, too lacking in self-confidence, which may be interpreted erroneously as inferiority.

In many countries a student would very seldom ask a question in class, for to do so would not only suggest that he is uninformed but that he is implying that the teacher has been unclear, which would be highly disrespectful. In America most teachers encourage the student to ask all kinds of questions. It is a mark of good teacher to draw out questions and a mark of a good student to ask numerous, meaningful questions. American teachers abroad thus have to realize the lack of questions or lack of recitation from their students does not mean that the teacher is being ineffective and the students are ignorant and lethargic, for they are merely being respectful.

Which continent where children are taught to be silent in front of elders is mentioned？

A．Europe.

B．North American.

C．Asia.

D．South American.

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第6题

Section D

Cultural Attitudes towards Time

According to anthropologist Irving Hallowell, there is no evidence that humans have an inborn sense of time. A person’s temporal concepts are probably determined largely by culture. One study showed that infants, after a few days of listening to speech around them, will move their heads and limbs in rhythm with the speech they hear. As children develop, they adapt more fully to their temporal culture. This temporal culture influences language, music, poetry and dance. It also affects relationships. We tend to get along well with people who share our sense of time.

One particular cultural attitude towards time is found in polychronic cultures. Some Mediterranean and southwest Asian Cultures are usually placed in this category. Such cultures emphasise relationships among people, flexible timing of appointments, and the careful completion of processes rather than strict schedules. Polychronic people seldom feel that time is being wasted. They tend to consider each activity valuable on its own, not just as part of a larger process.

Polychronic people tend to have many projects going on at the same time, and they may shift frequently from one task to another. They change plans often. For polychronic people, work time is not clearly separable from personal time, so business meetings are considered a form. of socialising.

Monochronic cultures, on the other hand, are oriented towards tasks and schedules. Cultures usually considered monochromic can be found in northern Europe, North America, and some parts of eastern Asia. Monochronic people feel that time is tangible and inflexible and that " time is money. " They do one thing at a time and concentrate on each thing. Time and job commitments are very important to them and they tend to follow plans rigidly. Also, monochromic people clearly separate their work and personal time, and they place a high value on privacy.

As you might expect, people from polychronic and monochromic cultures often misunderstand each other because of their different senses of time. For example, because a monochromic culture is highly compartmentalized, monochromic people tend to sequence conversations as well as tasks. They would not, for instance, interrupt a phone call in order to greet another person who just came into the room In contrast, polychronic people are comfortable with having multiple conversations at the same time. They would consider it rude not to greet someone who entered during a phone conversation.

Complete the summary below by choosing for each blank no more than three words from the passage.

Cultures may have either a【71】______or a monochromic conception of time. Cultures with a polychromic view of time follow a【72】______timetable. People from polychronic cultures tend to work on several【73】______at the same time. On the other hand, people in【74】______perceive events and tasks as being more compartmentalized. In this culture, jobs and even conversations should follow a certain【75】______. Everything in these cultures seems inflexible, and has its own place and time.

(41)

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第7题

Joy and sadness are experienced by people in all cultures around the world, but how can we

tell when other people are happy or despondent？ It turns out that the expression of many emotions may be universal. Smiling is apparently a universal sign of friendliness and approval. Baring the teeth in a hostile way, as noted by Charles Darwin in the nineteenth century, may be a universe sign of anger. As the originator of the theory of evolution, Darwin believed that the universal recognition of facial expressions would have survival value. For example, facial expressions could signal the approach of enemies (or friends) in the absence of language.

Most investigators concur that certain facial expressions suggest the same emotions in a people. Moreover, people in diverse cultures recognize the emotions manifested by the facial expressions. In classic research Paul Ekman took photographs of people exhibiting the emotions of anger, disgust, fear, happiness, and sadness. He then asked people around the world to indicate what emotions were being depicted in them. Those queried ranged from European college students to members of the Fore, a tribe that dwells in the New Guinea highlands. All groups including the Fore, who had almost no contact with Western culture, agreed on the portrayed emotions. The Fore also displayed familiar facial expressions when asked how they would respond if they were the characters in stories that called for basic emotional responses. Ekman and his colleagues more recently obtained similar results in a study of ten cultures in which participants were permitted to report that multiple emotions were shown by facial expressions. The participants generally agreed on which two emotions were being shown and which emotion was more intense.

Psychological researchers generally recognize that facial expressions reflect emotional states. In fact, various emotional states give rise to certain patterns of electrical activity in the facial muscles and in the brain. The facial-feedback hypothesis argues, however, that the causal relationship between emotions and facial expressions can also work in the opposite direction. According to this hypothesis, signals from the facial muscles ("feedback") are sent back to emotion centers of the brain, and so a person's facial expression can influence that person's emotional state. Consider Darwin's words: "The free expression by outward signs of an emotion intensifies it. On the other hand, the repression, as far as possible, of all outward signs softens our emotions." Can smiling give rise to feelings of good will, for example, and frowning to anger？

Psychological research has given rise to some interesting findings concerning 'the facial-feedback hypothesis. Causing participants in experiments to smile, for example, leads them to report more positive feelings and to rate cartoons (humorous drawings of people or situations) as being more humorous. When they are caused to frown, they rate cartoons as being more aggressive.

What are the possible links between facial expressions and emotion？ One link is arousal, which is the level of activity or preparedness for activity in an organism. Intense contraction of facial muscles, such as those used in signifying fear, heightens arousal. Self-perception of heightened arousal then leads to heightened emotional activity. Other links may involve changes in brain temperature and the release of neurotransmitters (substances that transmit nerve impulses). The contraction of facial muscles both influences the internal emotional state and reflects it. Ekman has found that the so-called Duchenne smile, which is characterized by "crow's feet" — wrinkles around the eyes and a subtle drop in the eye cover fold so that the skin above the eye moves down slightly toward the eyeball, can lead to pleasant feelings.

Ekman's observation may be relevant to the British expression "keep a stiff upper lip" as a recommendat

A．curious

B．sad

C．elated

D．skeptical

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第8题

Being a tourist means you can get to experience different________.

A.cultures

B.beliefs

C.people

D.food

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第9题

Research has shown that motivation（动机) is very important in learning a language; you nee

Research has shown that motivation(动机) is very important in learning a language; you need to be enthusiastic about it, and to be interested in it. Different people will have different curiosity about a very different culture, and pure intellectual enjoyment is only motives—the desire for promotion, the hope of being able to study abroad, curiosity of possible motives. But actually wanting to learn is the most important motive of all.

Courage is an essential attribute (属性) in learning a language. It takes a lot of courage to speak a foreign language either in front of your friends or to native speakers, but don't be afraid of making mistakes—that is the way we learn. Nowadays there are many different forms of English, each with its own constructions and accent, and, so long as you can make yourself understood and can understand what is said to you, you have succeeded in communicating, which is the purpose of any language.

Curiosity is not only a possible motivation. It is also a great help in your learning. Remember that a language is not just a grammatical system, it is the outcome of a certain culture. It is not very helpful just to learn lots of words and lists of grammatical rules unless you know as much as possible about the background of the language, so that you can understand the ideas which are being conveyed(表达) , the references which are being made, and the inferences which can be drawn from the information explicitly (明白地) given. So learn as much as you can about the different cultures which influence English—watch television programs, listen to the radio, try to obtain newspaper and magazines which are written by native speakers, look at advertisements, and above all, read—not textbooks, but novels and poems and plays. They will show you how language is really used. The English language is not an abstract (抽象的) system; it is a living form. of expression which derives much of its meaning from the context in which it is used, and much of its effect from a whole network of extra-linguistic (语言学之外的) knowledge. If you live in a country where English is the native language, you acquire this knowledge naturally, just as in China you acquired your own cultural knowledge unconsciously. But, because you are unlikely to be able to visit countries where English is spoken as the native language, you have to make a conscious effort to acquire this cultural awareness and knowledge.

With what topic is this passage primarily concerned？

A．Curiosity in Learning a Language

B．Courage in Learning a Language

C．Motivation in Learning a Language

D．Qualities in Learning a Language

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第10题

Scholars often fail to see that music played an important role in the preservation of Afri

can culture in the United States. They correctly note that slavery stripped some cultural elements from Black people -- their political and economic systems -- but they underestimate the significance of music in sustaining other African cultural values. African music, unlike the music of some other cultures, was based on a total vision of life in which music was not an isolated social domain. In African culture music was pervasive, serving not only religion, but all phases of life, including birth, death, work, and play. The methods that a community devises to perpetuate itself come into being to preserve, aspects of the cultural legacy that that community perceives as essential. Music, like art in general, was so inextricably a part of African culture that it became a crucial means of preserving the culture during and after the dislocations of slavery.

The primary purpose of the passage is to______.

A．compare the relative importance of music with that of other art forms in culture

B．review the attempt of recent scholarship to study the influence of African music on other music

C．correct the failure of some scholars to appreciate the significance of music in African culture

D．survey the ways by which people attempt to preserve their culture against the effects of oppression

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