财政政策（fiscal policy)

财政政策的有效性(effectiveness of fiscal policy)

从1980年到1995年间美国的财政政策存在哪些不正常的措施？

What was unusual about U.S. fiscal policy from 1980 to 1995？

用凯恩斯交叉图解释为什么财政政策对国民收入有乘数效应。

Use the Keynesian cross to explain why fiscal policy has a multiplied effect on national income.

如果消费取决于利率，这会如何影响本章关于财政政策效应所得出的结论？

If consumption depm3ded on the interest rate， how would that affect the conclusions reached in this chapter about the effects of fiscal policy？

What are the inside lag and the outside lag？ Which has the longer inside lag-monetary or fiscal policy？ Which has the longer outside lag？ Why？

如果经济不是从充分就业的状态出发，那么永久性财政政策变动是否仍然不会对产出立即产生影响？

If an economy does not start out at full employment，is it still true that a permanent change in fiscal policy has no current effect on output？

解释下列每一种情况下借贷制约是增加还是减少了财政政策影响总需求的潜力：

a．暂时减税。

b．宣布未来减税。

Explain whether borrowing constraints increase or decrease the potency of fiscal policy to influence aggregate demand in each of the following two cases:

a．A temporary tax cut.

b．An announced future tax cut.

假设政府想增加投资但保持产出不变。在IS-LM模型中。货币与财政政策如何配合才能实现这一目标？在20世纪80年代初，美国政府减税并有预算赤字，而美联储实施紧缩性货币政策，这种政策配合会有什么影响？

Suppose that the government wants to raise investment but keep output constant. In the IS-LM model, what mix of monetary and fiscal policy will achieve this goal？ In the early 1980s, the U.S. government cut taxes and ran a budget deficit while the Fed pursued a tight monetary policy. What effect should this policy mix have？

The chapter's discussion of“Inflation Bias and Other Problems of Policy Formulation” suggests (paragraph 4) that there may not really be any such thing as a permanent fiscal expansion. What do you think？ How would these considerations affect the exchange rate and output effects of fiscal policy？ Do you see any parallels with the chapter's discussion of the longer-run impact of current account imbalances？