According to Freud's developmental concepts at which stage of development is the individua
A.Oral
B.Anal
C.Phallic
D.Genital
A.Oral
B.Anal
C.Phallic
D.Genital
A.Oral
B.Anal
C.Phallic
D.Genital
A.Id.
B.Ego.
C.Superego:
D.None of the above.
A.ID
B.Ego.
C.Superego.
D.None of the above.
According to the passage, Sigmund Freud stated that ______.
A.Pavlov's experiments with dogs were successful
B.people make an effort to hold back unhappy memories
C.psychiatrists should work closely with psychologists
D.people should learn something about psychology
According to the professor, what happened in the 1990s?
A.The concept of defense mechanisms was abandoned.
B.New terms were introduced for the same mechanisms.
C.Modern researchers improved upon Freud's theory.
D.Additional categories were introduced by researchers.
A.creating a dead-end for feminist literary criticism by attacking the notion of an androgynist poetics
B.reinforcing sexist notions that women cannot emulate the literary style. of men
C.pushing feminist writing out of the mainstream by arguing that men are unable to full comprehend women's writing
D.relying too heavily on the theories of Freud, under which identity is the product of biology
E.escaping identification with the literary canon through the use of a fluid and protean literary style
A.creating a dead-end for feminist literary criticism by attacking the notion of an androgynist poetics
B.reinforcing sexist notions that women cannot emulate the literary style. of men
C.pushing feminist writing out of the mainstream by arguing that men are unable to full comprehend women's writing
D.relying too heavily on the theories of Freud, under which identity is the product of biology
E.escaping identification with the literary canon through the use of a fluid and protean literary style
Carl Jung's well-documented break with Sigmund Freud occurred because
of Jung's inability and unwillingness to accept Freud's view of the libido as the
sexual drive of fulfillment. Believing that the libido, or the urge towards life,
extended beyond mere sexuality to a hypothetical elan vital, or life energy
(5) itself, Jung stressed a widened consciousness whereby the individual seeks to
reconcile the opposites of his or her libidial nature that dwell in the conscious as
well as the personal and collective unconscious.
Jung defines this consciousness, moreover, as the center of the ego, and
the personal unconscious as a repository of repressed personal experiences or
(10) complexes that must be made conscious. Finally, the collective unconscious is
an archive of hereditary symbolic archetypes that express themselves in
dreams, fantasies, and actions, and must also be made conscious. Jung
postulated that these archetypal patterns must be integrated into the world of
the ego, which is then forced to acknowledge for these reasons that the ego-
(15) centered consciousness is not really self-sufficient and does not exist
independently and alone, but is guided by an integrating factor not of its own
making.
According to the passage, the collective unconscious and the personal andunconscious have in common which of the following?
A.Both the collective unconscious and the personal unconscious are hereditary, deriving from common cultural experiences, including symbolic archetypes.
B.Both the collective unconscious and the personal unconscious share an extricable link with the conscious that should be made evident.
C.Both the collective unconscious and the personal unconscious contain repressed experiences.
D.Both the collective unconscious and the personal unconscious share a position at the center of the human ego.
E.Both the collective unconscious and the personal unconscious include dreams, fantasies, and actions that should be made conscious.
Sigmund Freud, an Austrian neurologist, was the founder of psychoanalysis and, some would say, of modern psychology itself. The main hypothesis of Freud's theory is that human behavior. is determined primarily by unconscious motives. These unconscious motives can be discovered through the use of free association, that is, through talking out problems with the patient. Freud's theory of personality involved three broad areas of investigation into human behavior. structural, dynamic, and developmental. Structurally, Freud divided the human personality into id, ego, and superego. The id is the completely unconscious part of self. It is the repository(资源) of one's instinctual needs and drives. Freud posited that it consisted of everything psychological that was inherited.
The ego is the rational aspect of the personality. It governs the impulsive needs created by the id and decides which needs can and will be satisfied according to the conditions of the environment. The superego is the conscience, the ethical or moral aspect of personality. It is formed by the traditional values and ideals of the society or culture in which a person is born. The superego strives for the ideal. The "conscience" part provides guilt feelings when moral values are violated. The "ego-ideal" part provides feelings of pride when the self acts in consonance with traditional values of the group.
Freud's dynamic concepts involved instinct, libido, and anxiety. Generally, we term behavior. as instinctive if it occurs without any apparent opportunity of its having been learned. Freud's "instinct" differed in that it refers to an inborn bodily condition represented by "wish" and "need". Libido is descriptive of one's emotional or psychic energy. This energy enables life "instincts" to perform. their work and is derived from primitive biological urges, for example, the sex drive. Thus, the libido is usually goal directed. Anxiety, in psychological terms, is an uncontrollable state of fear often unrelated to a specific object or event. Freud's developmental concepts included identification, displacement, defense mechanisms, and psychosexual stages. Identification labels the behavior. of an individual who imitates another person or group (movie star, gangster, etc.). Displacement occurs when the instinct is blocked and the frustrated energy is then diverted to substitute objects. Defense mechanisms (repression, projection, and reaction) describe behavior. reacting to relieve extreme pressure and to defend the ego. Psychosexual stages refer to the five set stages of an individual, from birth through adolescence, oral(breast-sucking babyhood ), anal(toilet-training period),phallic(3-6 years' development of sexual feelings), latency (intermediate stage between phallic and beginning of puberty(青春期), and genital(formation of genuine relationships and the end of narcissism(自我陶醉)).
Freud's two disciples broke with the master largely over the centrality of sex in Freud's theorizing. Alfred Adler maintained that man was more a social being than a sexual one, and that individuals are primarily motivated by social interests. Carl Jung also differed from Freud on what determines the motivation for human behavior. He stressed goal direction beyond childhood, as well as the influence of the ancestral past in such things as magic, power, and hero worship.
Freud's concepts included______.
A.denial of instinctive behavior. in animals and humans
B.belief that religion properly molded the conscience so that the id could be controlled
C.belief that human behavior. can be explained primarily by the unconscious motives of individuals
D.belief that human behavior. is completely controlled by the "conscience" part
Carl Jung's well-documented break with Sigmund Freud occurred because
of Jung's inability and unwillingness to accept Freud' s view of the libido as the
sexual drive of fulfillment. Believing that the libido, or the urge towards life,
Line extended beyond mere sexuality to a hypothetical elan vital, or life energy
(5) itself, Jung stressed a widened consciousness whereby the individual seeks to
reconcile the opposites of his or her libidial nature that dwell in the conscious as
well as the personal and collective unconscious.
Jung defines this consciousness, moreover, as the center of the ego, and
the personal unconscious as a repository of repressed personal experiences or
(10) complexes that must be made conscious. Finally, the collective unconscious is
an archive of hereditary symbolic archetypes that express themselves in
dreams, fantasies, and actions, and must also be made conscious. Jung
postulated that these archetypal patterns must be integrated into the world of
the ego, which is then forced to acknowledge for these reasons that the ego-
(15) centered consciousness is not really self-sufficient and does not exist
independently and alone, but is guided by an integrating factor not of its own
making.
According to the passage, the collective unconscious and the personal and unconscious have in common which of the following?
A.Both the collective unconscious and the personal unconscious are hereditary, deriving from common cultural experiences, including symbolic archetypes.
B.Both the collective unconscious and the personal unconscious share an extricable link with the conscious that should be made evident.
C.Both the collective unconscious and the personal unconscious contain repressed experiences.
D.Both the collective unconscious and the personal unconscious share a position at the center of the human ego.
E.Both the collective unconscious and the personal unconscious include dreams, fantasies, and actions that should be made conscious.
Sigmund Freud, an Austrian neurologist, was the founder of psychoanalysis and, some would say, of modern psychology itself. The main hypothesis of Freud's theory is that human behavior. is determined primarily by unconscious motives. These unconscious motives can be discovered through the use of free association, that is, through talking out problems with the patient. Freud's theory of personality involved three broad areas of investigation into human behavior. structural, dynamic, and 'developmental. Structurally, Freud divided the human personality into id, ego, and superego. The id is the completely unconscious part of self. It is the repository(资源) of one's instinctual needs and drives. Freud posed that it consisted of everything psychological that was inherited.
The ego is the rational aspect of the personality. It governs the impulsive needs created by the id and decides which needs can and will be Satisfied according to the conditions of the environment. The superego is the conscience, the ethical(伦理的) or moral aspect of personality. It is formed by the traditional values and ideals of the society or culture in which a person is born. The superego strives for the ideal. The "con science" part provides guilt feelings when moral values are violated. The "ego-ideal" part provides feelings of pride when the self acts in consonance with traditional values of the group.
Freud's dynamic concepts involved instinct, libido, and anxiety. Generally, we term behavior. as instinctive if it occurs without any apparent opportunity of its having been learned. Freud's "instinct" differed in that it refers to an inborn bodily condition represented by "wish" and "need". Libido is descriptive of one's emotional or psychic energy. This energy enables life "instincts" to perform. their work and is derived from primitive biological urges--for example, the sex drive. Thus, the libido is usually goal directed. Anxiety, in psychological terms, is an uncontrollable state of fear often unrelated to a specific object or event. Freud's developmental concepts included identification,' displacement, defense mechanisms, and psycho sexual stages. Identification labels the behavior. of an individual who imitates another person or group (movie star, gangster, etc. ). Displacement occurs when the instinct is blocked and the frustrated energy is then diverted to substitute objects. Defense mechanisms (repression, projection, and reaction) describe behavior. reacting to relieve extreme pressure and to defend the ego. Psychosexual stages refer to the five set stages of an individual, from birth through adolescence: oral (breast-sucking babyhood), anal (toilet-training period), phallic (36 years development of sexual feelings) , latancy (intermediate stage between phallic and beginning of puberty(青春期) ,and genital(formation of genuine relationships and the end of narcissism(自我陶醉).
Freud's two disciples broke with the master largely over the centrality of sex in Freud's theorizing. Alfred Adler maintained that man was more a social being than a sexual one, and that individuals are primarily motivated by social interests. Carl Jung also differed from Freud on what determines the motivation for hu man behavior. He stressed goal direction beyond childhood, as well as the influence of the ancestral past in such things as magic, power, and hero worship.
Freud's concepts included a ______.
A.denial of instinctive behavior. in animals and humans
B.belief that religion properly modled the conscience so that the id could be controlled
C.belief that human behavior. can be explained primarily by the unconscious motives of individuals
D.belief that human behavior. is completely controlled by the "conscience" part
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