EBULLIENCE:A.self-confidenceB.tumultC.forgetfulnessD.insensitivityE.self-examination
EBULLIENCE:
A.self-confidence
B.tumult
C.forgetfulness
D.insensitivity
E.self-examination
EBULLIENCE:
A.self-confidence
B.tumult
C.forgetfulness
D.insensitivity
E.self-examination
A.a parochial
B.a secular
C.a liberal
D.a pious
E.an aristocratic
A.a lack of political will within underprivileged communities to counter the economic effects of segregation
B.the diminished significance of urban black neighborhoods as economic and residential centers relatively to other areas of the city
C.the tendency of poor blacks to live among other poor minorities, unlike poor whites, who live dispersed among rich whites
D.the uniqueness of the geographic pattern in which black communities have developed in America, relative to other communities
E.a lack of resources within the urban black American communities to resist the forces which lead to segregation
A.establish that enough food could have been grown to support the Anasazi's survival
B.argue that the Anasazi's past behavior. would indicate their likely future behavior. in the case of a Great Drought
C.suggest that the repetition of droughts was taking a cumulative toll on the fertility of the Plateau
D.argue that the evidence which points to the existence of a Great Drought may actually be related to earlier droughts
E.affirm the notion that the Great Drought may have been exponentially more severe than prior droughts
A.mockery … distinct
B.armature … laughable
C.specter … congruous
D.skeleton … recognizable
E.treatment … suspect
A.The failure of the educational system to help improve blacks' economic status
B.Political apathy on the of the authorities to solve the problem of segregation
C.A preference on the part of blacks concerning where they choose to live
D.Rising rate of unemployment among the black community
E.Racial conflict between the black community and other communities
A.debate … diffident
B.serenity … indifferent
C.catastrophe … germane
D.obedience … ill-suited
E.disaster … hostile
A.profligate:doctrine
B.patriot:conviction
C.nonconformist:norm
D.optimist:guide
E.barrister:reason
correlating variations in character with variations in external, craniological
signs, an approach that depended on three critical assumptions: that the size
and shape of the cranium reflected the size and shape of the underlying portions
(5) of the cerebrum, that mental abilities were innate and fixed, and that the
relative level of development of an innate ability was a reflection of the
inherited size of its cerebral organ. On these assumptions, an observed
correspondence between a particularly well-developed ability and a particularly
prominent area of the cranium could be interpreted as evidence of the functional
(10) localization of that ability in the correlative portion of the cerebrum.
Gall's approach was abandoned in favor of experiment, his conception of
fixed, innate faculties replaced by a dynamic, evolutionary view of mental
development, and his pivotal assumption concerning the relationship of brain to
cranial conformation rejected, but we cannot overestimate his importance in
(15) linking brain activity to specific cerebral anatomy. Gall's assumptions may have
been flawed, but not his scientific logic or rigorous empiricism. In postulating a
set of innate, mental traits inherited through the cerebral organ, Gall admitted
differences in aptitude among individuals and between species and thus deviated
from the tabula rasa view of Condillac.
(20) Even Gall's opponent, Flourens, was willing to admit that it was Gall who
established that the brain serves as the organ of mind. In other respects,
however, Flourens was highly critical of Gall, and soon provided the first
experimental demonstration of localization of function in the brain by employing
ablation to localize a motor center in the front of the brain and motor
(25) coordination in its rear. Although his treatment of sensation was still rather
confused, Flourens articulated a clear distinction between sensation and
perception and localized sensory function within the brain. But with respect to
the cerebrum, a successive slicing through the brain hemispheres produced
diffuse damage to all of the higher mental functions—to perception, intellect,
(30) and will—with the amount of damage varying only with the extent and not the
location of the lesion. Flourens thus concluded that while sensory-motor
functions are differentiated and localized sub-cortically, higher mental functions
such as perception, volition, and intellect are spread throughout the cerebrum,
operating together with the entire cerebrum functioning in a unitary fashion as
(35) their exclusive seat.
As Gall himself observed, ablation was not a method well-suited to the
discovery of cortical localization. Joined to a strong philosophical belief in a
unitary soul and an indivisible mind and an uncritical willingness to generalize
results from lower organisms to humans, Flourens's results led him to
(40) challenge Gall's efforts at localization and to formulate a theory of cerebral
homogeneity wherein, the cerebrum was the organ of a unitary mind which
could not be functionally differentiated to the extent Gall suggested.
The primary purpose of the passage is to
A.provide a biographical account of the experimental careers of two prominent neuroanatomists
B.examine the correlation between brain activity and consciousness from a neuroanatomical point of view
C.probe the relationship between philosophical views concerning the existence of the unitary soul and attempts to map the brain
D.compare the successes and failures of two different experimental methods in neuroanatomy
E.explore the genesis and evolution of early neuroanatomical theory of the localization of cognitive function
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