题目内容
（请给出正确答案）
A.with; in
B.in; by
C.on; with
D.by; in
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淘汰赛问题
题目：
Our school is planning to hold a new exciting computer programming contest. During each round of the contest, the competitors will be paired, and compete head-to-head. The loser will be eliminated, and the winner will advance to next round. It proceeds until there is only one competitor left, who is the champion. In a certain round, if the number of the remaining competitors is not even, one of them will be chosed randomly to advance to next round automatically, and then the others will be paired and fight as usual. The contest committee want to know how many rounds is needed to produce to champion, then they could prepare enough problems for the contest.
Input
The input consists of several test cases. Each case consists of a single line containing a integer N - the number of the competitors in total. 1 ＜= N ＜= 2,147,483,647. An input with 0(zero) signals the end of the input, which should not be processed.
Output
For each test case, output the number of rounds needed in the contest, on a single line.
Sample Input
8
16
15
0
Sample Output
3
4
4
It is a curious paradox that we think of the physical sciences as "hard", the social sciences as "soft", and the biological sciences as somewhere in between. This is interpreted to mean that our knowledge of physical systems is more certain than our knowledge of biological systems, and these in turn are more certain than our knowledge of social systems. In terms of bur capacity to sample the relevant universes, however, and the probability that our images of these universes are at least approximately correct, one suspects that a reverse order is more reasonable. We are able to sample earth's social systems with some degree of confidence that we have a reasonable sample of the total universe being investigated. Our knowledge of social systems, therefore, while it is in many ways extremely inaccurate, is not likely to be seriously overturned by new discoveries. Even the folk knowledge in social systems on which ordinary life is based in earning, spending, organizing, marrying, taking part in political activities, fighting and so on, is not very 'dissimilar from the more sophisticated images of the social system derived from the social sciences, even though it is built upon the very imperfect samples of personal experience.
In contrast, our image of the astronomical universe, of even of earth's geological history, can easily be subject to revolutionary changes as new data comes in and new theories are worked out. If we define the "security" of our image of various parts of the total system as the probability of their suffering significant changes, then we would reverse the order of hardness and see the social sciences as the most secure, the physical sciences as the least secure, and again the biological sciences as somewhere in between. Our image of the astronomical universe is the least secure of all simply because we observe such a fantastically small sample of it and its record-keeping is trivial as compared with the rich records of the social systems, or even the limited records of biological systems. Records of the astronomical universe, despite the fact that we see distant things as they were long ago, are limited in the extreme.
Even in regard to such a close neighbor as the moon, which we have actually visited, theories about its origin and history are extremely different, contradictory, and hard to choose among. Our knowledge of physical evolution is incomplete and highly insecure.
The word "paradox"(Para. 1) means "（）".
A.implication
B.contradiction
C.interpretation
D.confusion
In contrast, our image of the astronomical universe, of even of earth’s geological history, can easily be subject to revolutionary changes as new data comes in and new theories are worked out. If we define the "security" of our image of various parts of the total system as the probability of their suffering significant changes, then we would reverse the order of hardness and see the social sciences as the most secure, the physical sciences as the least secure, and again the biological sciences as somewhere in between. Our image of the astronomical universe is least secure of all simply because we observe such a fantastically small sample of it and its record-keeping is trivial as compared with the rich records of the social systems, or even the limited records of biological systems. Records of the astronomical universe, despite the fact that we see distant things as they were long ago, are limited in the extreme.
Even in regard to such a close neighbor as the moon, which we have actually visited, theories about its origin and history are extremely different, contradictory, and hard to choose among. Our knowledge of physical evolution is incomplete and highly insecure.
The word "paradox" (Para. 1, Line 1 ) means" ______ ".
A．implication
B．contradiction
C．interpretation
D．confusion
In contrast, our image of the astronomical universe, of even of earth’s geological history, can easily be subject to revolutionary changes as new data comes in and new theories are worked out. If we define the “security” our image of various parts of the total system as the probability of their suffering significant changes, then we would reverse the order of hardness and see the social sciences as the most secure, the physical sciences as the least secure, and again the biological sciences as somewhere in between. Our image of the astronomical universe is the least secure of all simply because we observe such a fantastically small sample of it and its record-keeping is trivial as compared with the rich records of the social systems, or even the limited records of biological systems. Records of the astronomical universe, despite the fact that we see distant things as they were long ago, are limited in the extreme.
Even in regard to such a close neighbour as the moon, which we have actually visited, theories about its origin and history are extremely different, contradictory, and hard to choose among. Our knowledge of physical evolution is incomplete and highly insecure.
第31题：The word “paradox” (Para. 1, Line 1) means “________”.
A) implication
B) contradiction
C) interpretation
D) confusion
What is the relationship between Chris and Melissa？
A．Friends
B．Colleagues
C．Husband and wife
D．Customer and supplier
Part A
Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D . Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.
It is a curious paradox that we think of the physical sciences as "hard", the social sciences as "soft", and the biological sciences as somewhere in between. This is interpreted to mean that our knowledge of physical systems is more certain than our knowledge of biological systems, and these in mm are more certain than our knowledge of social systems. In terms of our capacity to sample the relevant universes, however, and the probability that our images of these universes are at least approximately correct, one suspects that a reverse order is more reasonable. We are able to sample earth's social systems with some degree of confidence that we have a reasonable sample of the total universe being investigated. Our knowledge of social systems, therefore, while it is in many ways extremely inaccurate, is not likely to be seriously overturned by new discoveries. Even the folk knowledge in social systems on which ordinary life is based in earning, spending, organizing, marrying, taking part in political activities, fighting and so on, is not very dissimilar from the more sophisticated images of the social system derived from the social sciences, even though it is built upon the very imperfect samples of personal experience.
In contrast, our image of the astronomical universe, even of earth's geological history, can easily be subject to revolutionary changes as new data come in and new theories are worked out. If we define the "security" of our image of various parts of the total system as the probability of their suffering significant changes, we would reverse the order of hardness and see the social sciences as the most secure, the physical sciences as the least secure, and again the biological sciences as somewhere in between. Our image of the astronomical universe is the least secure of all simply because we observe such a fantastically small sample of it and its record-keeping is trivial as compared with the rich records of the social systems, or even the limited records of biological systems. Records of the astronomical universe, despite the fact that we see distant things as they were long ago, are limited in the extreme.
Even in regard to such a close neighbor as the moon, which we have actually visited, theories about its origin and history are extremely different, contradictory, and hard to choose among. Our knowledge of physical evolution is incomplete and highly insecure.
The text is mainly, about ______.
A．the relation between physical sciences and social sciences
B．the reasons of reversing traditional classification of physical and social science
C．social science is more available than physical science
D．classification of the physical sciences as "hard" and the social sciences as "soft"
1. Slipping his parka back to reveal a badly burned face that was cracked and peeling, he pointed to the annual layers of ice in a core sample dug from the glacier on which we were standing. 2. The second is to realize that the only way to understand our new role as a co-architect of nature is to see ourselves as part of a complex system that does not operate according to the same simple rules of cause and effect we are used to. 3. There are “local” skirmishes, “regional” battles, and “strategic” conflicts. This third category is reserved for struggles that can threaten a nation's survival and must be under stood in a global context.
Please compare Letter A with Letter B, and comment on both of them. Then, revise your favorite one for effectiveness. Add any information if necessary. Letter A Dear Mr. Andrew Roach Thank you for your interest in our new products. We expect we will be able to let you have some bears if you can tell us how many you want. We will require at least 50% payment in advance and the rest within 30 days of delivery. Will this be okay with you？ We look forward to hearing from you. Yours sincerely Chris Masters Letter B Dear Mr. Andrew Roach Thank you for your interest in our exciting new product. We are sure that Tom Teddy Bear will prove to be a huge success in Spain. Perhaps you could let us have some idea of the stocks you would be able to hold at any one time and what quantity you expect to be able to sell in the first year. Please note that we require 50% payment in advance, for your first order, the remaining 50% payable 30 days after delivery. Future orders are subject to our normal credit terms. We are sending you sample of Tom Teddy Bear, so that you can investigate the market further. Yours sincerely Susanna Wang
A Sales Letter
Jilin Electric Appliances Import & Export Corp.
Changchun, China
March 7, 2006
Smith Trading Co.
New York
U.S.A.
Dear Sirs,
We appreciate very much your confidence in the range of our electric appliances.
There is an exceptionally high demand for electric heaters owing to the cold weather during the season. The brand you ordered is now out of stock. However, the manufacturer has promised us a further supply by the end of this month if you could wait until then, we would deliver promptly the goods you need.
For over fifty years, our company has manufactured electric products which have enjoyed increasing markets in many countries and has built a reputation for service and quality. We are committed to being the best appliance supplier in some areas. Under separate cover, we send you our latest sample book of similar electric items we have recently produced. As one of our regular customers, you will be allowed a special discount of 2.5% provided we could receive your order before March 20th.
We stand ready to serve you--and welcome your call.
Sincerely yours,
×××
1. What are they thankful for？
They are thankful for (56) in the range of their electric appliances.
2. What causes the running short of the electric heaters？
It is mainly (57) .
3. What is their company famous for？
It is famous for its (58) .
4. What does this company send to its customers recently？
The company sends (59) .
5. On what condition can their customer be offered a special discount of 2.5%？
The customers can be offered a special discount on the condition that the company can (60) before March 20th.
A.on request
B.by request
C.in request
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