The jury decided he was guilty ____the murder.

oma City. One hundred and sixty-eight people were killed, including nineteen children. Hundreds more were injured. After a few days of investigation, the FBI believed Timothy James McVeigh was linked to the bombing, and took him into custody. He was eventually charged with using a weapon of mass destruction against innocent citizens, and to damage the property of the United States.

McVeigh was born in New York State on April 23,1968. When he was eleven years old his parents obtained a legal separation. His parents got back together soon after that but there were still more marital troubles to come. In 1986, his parents divorced. After McVeigh graduated from high school, he entered a college but soon he gave up his studies, and enlisted in the US Army. He was involved in the Persian Gulf War in 1991, and later got five awards for his excellent performance in the war. Later he left army and worked as a security guard. In the following years he was involved in anti-government activities. In 1995 be bombed the Federal building, killing 168 innocent people. McVeigh's trial began on April 24,1995. The jury decided he was guilty on June 2. On June 13, the same jury sentenced McVeigh to death. In 2000, the federal courts rejected McVeigh's request to overturn his death penalty sentence. In the same year, McVeigh decided to give up his appeals altogether. On June 11,2001,McVeigh was executed by lethal injection in a federal prison in the American state of Indiana.

How many adults died in the bombing of the Federal building in Oklahoma？

A．168.

B．1187.

C．149.

D．Hundreds of people.

lic opinion tended to protect that company. But perhaps this phenomenon was most striking in the case of the railroads. Nearly half of all negligence cases decided through 1896 involved railroads. And the railroads usually won.

Most of the cases were decided in state courts, when the railroads had the climate of the times on their sides. Government supported the railroad industry; the progress railroads represented was not to be slowed down by requiring them often to pay damages to those unlucky enough to be hurt working for them.

Court decisions always went against railroad workers. A Mr. Farwell, an engineer, lost his right hand when a switchman's negligence ran his engine off the track. The court reasoned that since Farwell had taken the job of an engineer voluntarily at good pay, he had accepted the risk. Therefore the accident, though avoidable had the switchman acted carefully, was a "pure accident". In effect a railroad could never be held responsible for injury to one employee caused by the mistake of another.

In one case where a Pennsylvania Railroad worker had started a fire at a warehouse and the fire had spread several blocks, causing widespread damage, a jury found the company responsible for all the damage. But the court overturned the jury's decision because it argued that the railroad's negligence was the immediate cause of damage only to the nearest buildings. Beyond them the connection was too remote to consider.

As the century wore on, public sentiment began to turn against the railroads— against their economic and political power and high fares as well as against their callousness toward individuals.

Which of the following is NOT true in Farwell's case？

A．Farwell was injured because he negligently ran his engine off the track.

B．Farwell would not have been injured if the switchman had been more careful.

C．The court argued that the victim had accepted the risk since he had willingly taken his job.

D．The court decided that the railroad should not be held responsible.

lic opinion tended to protect that company. But perhaps this phenomenon was most striking in the case of the railroads. Nearly half of all negligence cases decided through 1896 involved railroads. And the railroads usually won.

Most of the cases were decided in state courts, when the railroads had the climate of the times on their sides. Government supported the railroad industry; the progress railroads represented was not to be slowed down by requiring them often to pay damages to those unlucky enough to be hurt working for them.

Court decisions always went against railroad workers. Mr. Farrell, an engineer, lost his right hand when a switchman's negligence ran his engine off the track. The court reasoned, that since Farrell had taken the job of an engineer voluntarily at good pay, he had accepted the risk. Therefore the accident, though avoidable had the switchmen acted carefully, was a "pure accident".

In effect a railroad could never be held responsible for injury to one employee caused by the mistake of another. In one case where a Pennsylvania Railroad worker had started a fire at a warehouse and the fire had spread several blocks, causing widespread damage, a jury found the company responsible for all the damage. But the court overturned the jury's decision because it argued that the railroad's negligence was the immediate cause of damage only to the nearest buildings. Beyond them the connection was too remote to consider.

As the century wore on, public sentiment began to turn against the railroads — against their economic and political power and high fares as well as against their callousness toward individuals.

Which of the following is INCORRECT in Farrell's case？

A．Farrell was injured because he negligently ran his engine off the track.

B．Farrell would not have been injured if the switchman had been more careful.

C．The court argued that the victim had accepted the risk since he had willingly taken his job.

D．The court decided that the railroad should not be held responsible.

. No one knows why there is something special about Philadelphia lawyers, but the expression "smart as a Philadelphia lawyer" seems to have come from a famous trial early in the 18th century.

An Englishman, William S. Cosby arrived in New York as the royal governor of the province. He was a tyrant. He wanted to make money quickly and he ruled the province with no thought for the law or the rights of the people. Among those who opposed his rule was John Peter Zinger who came to America from Germany. Mr. Zinger started a newspaper which praised liberty and sharply criticized the governor. Governor Cosby arrested Mr. Zinger, charged him with slander and kept him in prison for 9 months. Mr. Zinger could not find a New York lawyer to defend him because of the governor's power. But a leading lawyer from Philadelphia agreed to defend Mr. Zinger. He was Andrew Hamilton, white-haired and almost 80 years old.

The trial opened, the jury chosen and charges read. At that time, the law on slander said that jury could decide only if the person accused published in the newspaper named in the charges. The question of whether words published were true or not was to be decided by the judge. Mr. Zinger told the court he was innocent. Then the lawyer from Philadelphia rose, admitted that Mr. Zinger did publish the newspaper as charged. But Mr. Hamilton continued. The publishing of a newspaper does not make a person guilty of slander. He said that words themselves must be proved false or slanderous; Otherwise Mr. Zinger is innocent. The judge warned Mr. Hamilton that he, the judge, would decide if the words were slanderous or not. Mr. Hamilton quickly turned to the jury and asked them to decide. He said that it was their right to decide whether the alleged slander was in fact the truth. In his final statement to the jury, Mr. Hamilton said the question was much bigger than the charges against Mr. Zinger. He said the question was liberty and right of people to oppose dishonesty and tyranny by speaking and writing the truth. After a brief discussion the jury declared that Mr. Zinger was not guilty and cheers broke out in the courtroom. The decision established the principle of freedom of the press in the American Colonies. Mr. Hamilton was praised as a hero. Through the years the fame of Mr; Zinger trial and praise for Mr. Hamilton has spread throughout the country. Anti so it is believed that the expression "as smart as a Philadelphia lawyer" honors the man from Philadelphia who successfully de- fended the freedom of the press to print the truth.

Many people opposed Governor Cosby's rule because ______.

A．he wanted to make money quickly

B．he was the royal governor

C．he was a tyrant

D．they were biased

The jury decided Anthony Sowell to be guilty on

A．Tuesday.

B．Wednesday.

C．Thursday.

D．Friday.

Text 3

Bernard Jackson is a free man today, but he has many bitter memories. Jackson spent five years in prison after a jury wrongly convicted him of raping two women. At Jackson' s trial, although two witnesses testified that Jackson was with them in another location at the times of thcrimes, he was convicted anyway. Why？ The jury believed the testimony of the two victims, who positively identified Jackson as the man who had attacked them. The court eventually freed Jackson after the police found the man who had really committed the crimes.

Many factors influence the accuracy of eyewitness testimony. For instance, witnesses some-times see photographs of several suspects before they try to identify the person they saw in a lineup of people. They can become confused by seeing many photographs of similar faces. The number of people in the lineup, and whether it is a live lineup or a photograph, may also affect a witness' s decision. People sometimes have difficulty identifying people of other races. The questions the po-lice ask witnesses also have an effect on them.

Many people believe that police officers are more reliable than ordinary people. Psychologists decided to test this idea, and they discovered that it is not true. Two psychologists showed a film of crimes to both police officers and civilians. The psychologists found no difference between the police and the civilians in correctly remembering the details of the crimes. .

Despite all the possibilities for inaccuracy, courts cannot exclude eyewitness testimony from a trial. American courts depend almost completely on eyewitness testimony to resolve court cases. Sometimes it is the only evidence to a crime, such as rape. Furthermore, eyewitness testimony is often correct. Although people do sometimes make mistakes, many times they really do identify in dividuals correctly.

American courts depend on the ability of the twelve jurors, and not the judges, to determine the accuracy of the witness' s testimony. It is their responsibility to decide if a certain witness could actually see, hear, and remember what occurred.

In a few cases the testimony of eyewitnesses has convicted innocent people. More important ly,it has rightly convicted a larger number of guilty people; consequently, it continues to be of great value in the American judicial system.

56. Benard Jackson was found guilty by the jury because_________ .

[A] the victims insisted that he was the attacker

[ B] the judge believed in the victims' identification

[ C] the police discovered evidence leading to his guilt

[D] the eyewinesses confirmed the victims' testimony

A.about

B.of

C.to

D.on

rial.

A．an, the

B．an, /

C．the, the

D．/, /

George was very pleased about the decision the jury made because ______.

A．the punishment was less severe than expected

B．he thought he deserved the punishment

C．the jury proved to be strong-minded to Jim

D．Jim managed to tire the jury out in the end